The Ideal and Real Gas Heat Capacity of Cesium Atoms at High Temperatures

The Ideal Gas Heat Capacity, Cp, of Cesium Atoms is Calculated to High Temperatures using Statistical Mechanics. There Are a Large Number of Electronic States in the State Sum that Determines the Partition Function: 174 Known Levels for Cesium Atoms Below the First Ionization Potential. Thus, at High Temperatures, Cp Becomes Very Large Unless the Number of Contributing States is Constrained. Two Arguments Are Used to Do This. First, at High Temperatures, the Increased Size of the Atoms Constrains the Sum (Bethe Method). Second, the Existence of Interacting Charged Species at Higher Temperatures, Which Lowers the Ionization Potential, Constrains the Sum (Ionization Potential Lowering Method). If Atoms Constitute a Real Gas Obeying the Virial Equation of State, the Lowest Non-Ideal Contribution to Cp Depends on the Second Derivative of the Second Virial Coefficient, B″(T), Which Depends on the Interaction Potential Energy Curves between Two Atoms. When Two Ground-State (2S) Cesium Atoms Interact, They Follow Either of Two Potential Energy Curves. When a 2S Cesium Atom Interacts with a Cesium Atom in the First Electronically Excited (2P) State, They Follow Any of Eight Potential Energy Curves. the Values of B″(T) for the Ten States Are Determined, Then Averaged, and Used to Calculate the Lowest Order Non-Ideal Contribution to Cp

The Ideal and Real Gas Heat Capacity of Potassium Atoms at High Temperatures

The Ideal Gas Heat Capacity, Cp, of Potassium Atoms is Calculated to High Temperatures using Statistical Mechanics. Since There Are a Large Number of Electronic Energy Levels in the Partition Function (Boltzmann Sum) Below the First Ionization Potential, the Partition Function and Cp will become very large as the Temperature Increases Unless the Number of Energy Levels Contributing to the Partition Function is Constrained. Two Primary Categories of Arguments Are Used to Do This. First, at High Temperatures, the Increased Size of the Atoms Constrains the Sum (Bethe Method). Second, an Argument based on the Existence of Interacting Charged Species at Higher Temperatures is Used to Constrain the Sum (Ionization Potential Lowering Method). When Potassium Atoms Are Assumed to Constitute a Real Gas that Obeys the Virial Equation of State, the Lowest Non-Ideal Contribution to Cp Depends on the Second Derivative of the Second Virial Coefficient, B(T), Which Depends on the Interaction Potential Energy Curves between Two Potassium Atoms. When Two Ground-State (2S) Atoms Interact, They Can Follow Either of the Two Potential Energy Curves. When a 2S Atom Interacts with an Atom in the First Electronically Excited (2P) State, They Can Follow Any of the Eight Potential Energy Curves. the Values of B(T) for the Ten States Are Determined, Then Averaged, and Used to Calculate the Nonideal Contribution to Cp

In the Mirror: The Legitimation Work of Globalization

This essay examines the legitimation work of globalization by bringing into dialogue the authors' research on immigration, finance, and intercountryadoption. It is concerned with the practices that produce, define, and preclude both movement and connection, such as "naturalizing" some border crossings while criminalizing others; denying the histories and policies that allow some parents to "choose" babies while others must abandon them; and challenging the practices through which small states tweak transnational financial systems while allowing multinational corporations privileges denied small states. Legitimation work (re)configures jurisdictionality, transparency, and sovereignty - the constructs on which debates over globalization's consequences hinge. Examining how these constructs order, include, and exclude persons, goods, and practices sheds light on the boundaries, slippages, and connections between the legitimate and the illegitimate within global processes