Examination of Goal Commitment and Subjective Happiness Levels of the Students Studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences According to Gender, Active Sport Participation and Sports Type Variables

This study was carried out to examine the goal commitment and subjective happiness levels of students studying in the faculty of sport sciences according to some variables. The research group consisted of 346 students who voluntarily participated from the faculty of sport sciences of a state university in Turkey. “Goal Commitment Scale” was used to determine the level of goal commitment of the participants, and the “Subjective Happiness Scale” was used to determine the levels of subjective happiness. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of demographic variables, Pearson correlation was used to determine the direction and strength of the variables, independent sample t-test was used for comparisons of the groups. The results of the study showed that subjective happiness levels of students differed according to gender and goal commitment levels differ depending on the active sport participation. In addition, significant and positive relationships were observed between the goal commitment and subjective happiness levels of the students and between the academic grade averages and the goal commitment levels. These results indicate that the goal commitment levels of students will increase as a result of encouraging active sports, and thus their academic success and subjective happiness may increase

Investigation of Appearance Anxiety and the Gender Role in Women's Sports Except for Social Gender Norms

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), conducted by Hart et al. (2008) and adapted to Turkish by Dogan as Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) (Dogan, 2010) was used in our study. In the analysis of the data, t-test and ANOVA test were used. As a result; There was a significant difference between female athletes' hormone use variable and appearance anxiety and gender role (p <0.05). It was determined that female athletes using hormone had appearance anxiety. A significant difference was found between maternal educational status and appearance anxiety and gender role. A significant difference was found between the paternal education status variable and the masculine gender role. A significant negative correlation was found between the age variable and appearance anxiety of female athletes. There was a positive relationship between appearance anxiety and masculine gender role. When the gender role values increase the values of appearance anxiety increase. It is recommended that special contact with women athletes who go beyond the social gender norms should be established according to expert opinions and all actors such as sports managers, trainer, sportsman, referee, physical education teacher etc. should be informed. In order to increase the proportion of women engaged in sports in the society, to support the girls who are new to the sports and not to create false opinions about the sportswomen, it is recommended to put forward the role models suitable for the female athlete profile

The antimicrobial effects of chopped garlic in ground beef and raw meatball (cig Kofte)

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial effects of chopped garlic in ground beef and raw meatball (cig kofte), which is a traditional food product eaten raw. Fresh minced ground beef and raw meatball batter prepared with traditional methods were separated into groups. Chopped and crushed garlic was added to each batch in order to reach various concentrations from 0% to 10%. The ground beef samples were stored at refrigerator and ambient temperatures. The raw meatball samples were only stored at room temperature. All samples were analyzed in order to determine the microbial counts at the 2(nd), 6(th), 12(th), and 24(th) hours of storage. Garlic addition decreased the microbial growth in some ground beef samples kept either at room temperature or in the refrigerator. However, microbial growth increased in some ground beef samples kept in similar conditions. The difference was found in samples kept in the refrigerator for 24 hours in terms of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and coliform bacteria when garlic used at 10%. The effects of garlic on the microbial growth of both coliforms and Staphylococcus/ Micrococcus in the samples kept at room temperature were increased. The yeast and mold counts in ground beef samples kept in any condition were not affected by garlic addition. However, the addition of garlic to the raw meatball mix decreased the microbial count, in terms of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeast and mold counts, when the garlic was added at 5% or 10% (P < .05). The addition of 10% garlic to raw meatball caused a permanent decrease in yeast and mold count, unlike in ground beef. The results of this study indicate that the chopped garlic has a slowing-down effect on microbiological growth in ground meat depending on the garlic concentration, but this effect was not at an expected level even at the highest concentration, because potential antimicrobial agents in chopped garlic were probably insufficiently extracted

The Examination of Trait Anxiety Level of Referees in Different Branches (The Sample of Mugla)

The aim of this study to examine the trait anxiety level of referees in different branches in terms of some variables. For the model of the research, the survey model, one of the quantitative research types, was chosen. While the population of the research is composed of referees working in different branches in Mugla Province, the sample is composed of 167 referees who have been chosen by a randomized sampling method and participated in the research voluntarily. The authors designed a personal information form for the demographical information of the participants. The Trait Anxiety Inventory developed by Spielberger, Gorsuch and Luschene (1) (1970) and adapted to Turkish by Oner and Le Compte (2) (1983) was used to determine the participants' anxiety levels. The data obtained from the form and scale used were analyzed using the SPSS 17 package program. Frequency, percentage, average, and standard deviation values were used in the analysis of the data. Data normal distributions were analyzed with Skewness-Kurtosis values. Since the data showed normal distribution, t-test and ANOVA test, which are parametric tests, were used, and the significance level was accepted as p <0.05. According to the findings of the study, while the anxiety levels of the referees showed significant differences in terms of gender, they did not display a significant difference with the variables of age, education level, refereeing time and refereeing classification. Consequently, the trait anxiety levels of female referees are significantly higher in favor of the trait anxiety levels of male referees. This study revealed that anxiety-reducing training should be focused on reducing the trait anxiety situations that female referees experience more than male referees.WOS:00055191570001

CYP2A6 gene variants may explain smoking status in a Turkish cohort

OBJECTIVE: Nicotine is the main addictive agent present in tobacco and is principally metabolized by a cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation process. While smoking patterns differ widely among smokers, the metabolization rate of nicotine can also be affected by variations in rates of enzyme activity between individuals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the significance of CYP2A gene variants in the smoking status in a Turkish population using next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODS: This case–control study involved 64 subjects with Nicotine dependence (ND) and 36 Non-smoker (NS) subjects. Amplicants designed by “Primer-BLAST” programme were all sequenced using the “Illimuna-MiseqQ-platform”. RESULTS: It was found that there were five SNPs in the CYP2A6 gene (rs8192725, rs7248240, rs1809810, rs8192733 and rs28399435). CYP2A6 rs1809810 homozygous TT genotype and T allele were seen in lower percentages in ND group compared to the NS group (p = 0.045; p = 0.021). Individuals with CYP2A6 rs1809810 TT genotypes and T allele showed odds ratio of 4.760 and 5.360 for developing protective role ND, respectively. CYP2A6 rs8192733 CC genotype and C allele were both lower in ND group (respectively p = 0.001, p = 0.023) while GC genotype was higher in the ND group (p = 0.004). CYP2A6 rs28399435 TT genotype and T allele were more common in the ND group (respectively p = 0.001, p = 0.001). CYP2A6 rs28399435 CC genotype was lower in the ND group than in the NS group (p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: CYP2A6 rs1809810, rs8192733, rs28399435 could be genetic risk factors for ND in a Turkish population