Seeking Solutions: Exploring the Applicability of ADR for Resolving Water Issues in the West

Under the Western Water Policy Review Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-575, Title XXX), Congress directed the President to undertake a comprehensive review of Federal activities in the 19 Western States that directly or indirectly affect the allocation and use of water resources, whether surface or subsurface, and to submit a report of findings to the congressional committees having jurisdiction over Federal Water Programs

The Liberated Black Woman: A Question of Black Power and Nationalism

The role of the Black woman in the liberation of womankind must first be clearly defined to establish the context in which the term liberation is used before discussion of the subject can have any significance. If by the term liberated, it is meant the throwing off of some kind of yoke of oppression and dehumanization invoked by men which often reflects itself in unequal opportunities and pay scales, particularly in the professional world, then it is highly questionable that the Black woman needs this type of liberation as the ultimate object of her energies and concern. If on the other hand, the term liberated means striving toward building a Black nation, which is separate from purely capitalist, monetary obcessions but which is steeped in nationalism, self-determination and Pan- Africanism being the concept with Africa as the focal point of a unified international Black identity and a consolidation on the political, social and economic bases then, indeed, we are speaking of the very life blood of the Black woman

The Liberated Black Woman: A Question of Black Power and Nationalism

The role of the Black woman in the liberation of womankind must first be clearly defined to establish the context in which the term liberation is used before discussion of the subject can have any significance. If by the term liberated, it is meant the throwing off of some kind of yoke of oppression and dehumanization invoked by men which often reflects itself in unequal opportunities and pay scales, particularly in the professional world, then it is highly questionable that the Black woman needs this type of liberation as the ultimate object of her energies and concern. If on the other hand, the term liberated means striving toward building a Black nation, which is separate from purely capitalist, monetary obcessions but which is steeped in nationalism, self-determination and Pan- Africanism being the concept with Africa as the focal point of a unified international Black identity and a consolidation on the political, social and economic bases then, indeed, we are speaking of the very life blood of the Black woman

Summary of Research: Study of Substrates in Microgravity

An upcoming series of joint US-Russian plant experiments will use the granular Substrate Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) equipment developed by Russian and Bulgarian scientists for the Mir Space Station's Svet greenhouse. The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of granular substrate water relations and to provide the ability to document water distribution in the Svet NDS during the space experiments. To this end, we conducted a study to expanded our understanding of substrate water behavior in granular substrates in microgravity. This report documents the results of our experiments with the Svet substrate water content sensor, explains the results observed in the Svet NDS during the 1990 Greenhouse experiment; describes the development of a miniature version of the Svet type (heat pulse) sensor that has been used to measure the distribution of water content inside the Svet NDS in space, and documents the calibration of these sensors and measurements conducted in both ground and space experiments

A High-Accuracy Blackbody for CLARREO

The NASA climate science mission Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO), which is to measure Earth’s emitted spectral radiance from orbit for 5 years, has an absolute accuracy requirement of 0.1 K (3σ) at 220 K over most of the thermal infrared. To meet this requirement, CLARREO needs highly accurate on-board blackbodies which remain accurate over the life of the mission. Space Dynamics Laboratory is developing a prototype blackbody that demonstrates the ability to meet the needs of CLARREO. This prototype is based on a blackbody design currently in use, which is relatively simple to build, was developed for use on the ground or on-orbit, and is readily scalable for aperture size and required performance. We expect the CLARREO prototype to have emissivity of ~0.9999 from 1.5 to 50 μm, temperature uncertainties of ~25 mK (3σ), and radiance uncertainties of ~10 mK due to temperature gradients. The high emissivity and low thermal gradient uncertainties are achieved through cavity design, while the SI-traceable temperature uncertainty is attained through the use of phase change materials (mercury, gallium, and water) in the blackbody. Blackbody temperature sensor calibration is maintained over time by comparing sensor readings to the known melt temperatures of these materials, which are observed by heating through their melt points. Since blackbody emissivity can potentially change over time due to changes in surface emissivity (especially for an on-orbit blackbody) an on-board means of detecting emissivity change is desired. The prototype blackbody will include an emissivity monitor based on a quantum cascade laser to demonstrate the concept

Lossy Data Compression for Imaging Interferometer Data using a Wavelet Transform-Based Image Compresion Algorithm

Data compression on future space-based imaging interferometers can be used to reduce high telemetry costs, provided the performance is acceptable. This paper investigates lossy data compression of imaging interferometer datacubes using a wavelet transform-based compression algorithm, the Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT)image compression algorithm. Compression is performed on individual frames of the interferometer datacubes. Simulated datacubes from the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) are modified to produce new complex GIFTS datacubes used to perform the experiments. Separate programs are written for the encoder and decoder in C++. The encoder and decoder are simulated to the bit-level, meaning they simulate the exact bit streams that would be generated by hardware implementations. All compression ratios reported are based on the actual file size of the encoded data. The simulations indicate very high performance of the algorithm in the interferogram domain, with average errors of less than one least significant bit (LSB)for the GIFTS long-wave band and just over one LSB for the GIFTS short/mid-wave band at compression ratios as high as 13.7:1 and 15.4:1, respectively. At the same compression ratios, errors in the spectral radiance domain are comparable to the simulated instrument noise and RMS temperature profile retrieval errors of less than 1 K are achieved using a University of Wisconsin-Madison prototype retrieval algorithm