On the evolution of scattering data under perturbations of the Toda lattice

We present the results of an analytical and numerical study of the long-time behavior for certain Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) lattices viewed as perturbations of the completely integrable Toda lattice. Our main tools are the direct and inverse scattering transforms for doubly-infinite Jacobi matrices, which are well-known to linearize the Toda flow. We focus in particular on the evolution of the associated scattering data under the perturbed vs. the unperturbed equations. We find that the eigenvalues present initially in the scattering data converge to new, slightly perturbed eigenvalues under the perturbed dynamics of the lattice equation. To these eigenvalues correspond solitary waves that emerge from the solitons in the initial data. We also find that new eigenvalues emerge from the continuous spectrum as the lattice system is let to evolve under the perturbed dynamics.Comment: 27 pages, 17 figures. Revised Introduction and Discussion section

A Preliminary Analysis on the Long run Relationship between Taxation and Growth in Turkey

Although higher taxation may lead to a fall in growth rates through distortion of decisions to invest and save, certain tax policies of the government may also enhance economic growth when government investments aiming at improving the infrastructure induces private investment. This study aims to explore the effects of taxation on growth in Turkey during the period of 1975-2004, by the use of time series analysis. In addition to total taxation, direct and indirect taxes are considered separately (income tax, goods and services tax and foreign trade tax). Engle-Granger two-step cointegration results show that as total taxation/GDP ratio and trade taxation/GDP ratio increase, growth rate decreases. There is no evidence of a long run relationship between goods and services tax/GDP ratio and growth. As for the nondistortionary income taxation, the relationship is in the reverse direction: as growth rate increases, income tax/GDP ratio increases.

The Effects of Budget Deficit Reduction on Exchange Rate: Evidence from Turkey

This study investigates the effect of budget deficit reduction on exchange rate between US dollar and Turkish lira (TL). Our article aims to illustrate that the evidence on the relationship between budget deficits and exchange rates is not clear-cut and to explain why the theoretical approaches that underlie the relationship are ambiguous while there is general agreement that cutting budget deficits and debt will lower interest rates. The relationship between deficit reduction and exchange rates has caused a debate among the most famous monetary policy makers and researchers. [Melvin (1989), Mishkin (1992), Greenspan (1995), Thiessen (1995), Krugman (1995), Feldstein (1995)] In addition, budget deficit can be counted as one of the most common and major problem that influences the macroeconomic stability in developing economies. In this sense, cointegration method and causality tests were used in order to find out the possible effects of budget deficit reduction on exchange rates during the period of 1960-2003 in Turkey.Budget deficits, exchange rates, cointegration analysis

Growth Response and Yield of Sweet Corn on Palm Oil Sludge and Dolomite in Ultisols

Sweet corn is a very popular agricultural commodity in Indonesia, so the production of sweet corn needs to be increased. One of the problems that often encountered in the field is the lack of availability of fertile land that can support the growth of sweet corn. Therefore it needs technology to increase land productivity. In this case, the use of palm oil sludge as a source of organic matter and dolomite as a material that can improve soil fertility. The purpose of this research is to get the dosage of palm oil sludge and dolomite that optimal for the growth and yield of sweet corn. This research was conducted from December 2017 to March 2018 in Air Sebakul Village, Talang Empat Subdistrict, Central Bengkulu using Randomized Completely Block Design with two treatment factors. The first factor is the dosage of palm oil sludge consisting of three levels, namely 0 tons ha-1, 10 tons ha-1, and 20 tons ha-1. The second factor is dolomite dosage consisting of four levels, namely 0 tons ha-1, 2 tons ha-1, 4 ton ha-1, and 6 ton ha-1so that 36 sample units are obtained. The results showed that the best combination was obtained from 10 ton ha-1 palm oil sludge and 3,61 tons ha-1 dolomite, which was able to produce the diameter of corn crop stalks of 1,98 cm. The single palm oil sludge treatment gave no significant effect on all growth and yield variables. The addition of dolomite dosage up to 6 tons ha-1 was able to increase plant height, total leaf area, the weight of corn without cornhusk, length of corn without cornhusk, a diameter of corn without cornhusk, fresh weight of the plant, and dry weight of the plant