21 research outputs found

    Hyperglycemia as a risk factor in pancreatic cancer : A nested case-control study using prediagnostic blood glucose levels

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    Objective: To determine the risk association between fasting glucose levels and pancreatic cancer using systematically collected prediagnostic blood glucose samples. Methods: Prospective nested case-control study of participants from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study, including 182 cases that developed pancreatic cancer and four matched controls per case. Blood glucose levels collected up to 24 years before pancreatic cancer diagnosis were analyzed. The association between fasting glucose levels and pancreatic cancer risk was determined using unconditional and conditional logistic regression models. The association between fasting glucose and the time to pancreatic cancer diagnosis, tumor stage and survival was determined using likelihood-ratio test, t test and log rank test. Results: The unadjusted risk of developing pancreatic cancer increased with increasing fasting glucose levels (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.60, P = .015). Impaired fasting glucose (>6.1 mmol/L) was associated with an adjusted risk of 1.77 for developing pancreatic cancer (95% CI 1.05-2.99, P = .032). In subgroup analysis, fasting glucose levels were associated with an increased risk in never-smokers (OR 4.02, 95% CI 1.26-12.77, P = .018) and non-diabetics (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.08-8.79, P = .035) (non-significant for interaction). The ratio between fasting glucose and BMI was higher among future pancreatic cancer patients and an increased ratio was associated with elevated risk of pancreatic cancer (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.04-2.66, P = .034). Fasting glucose levels were not associated with TNM stage at diagnosis or survival. Conclusions: High fasting glucose is associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of IAP and EPC. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

    Prognostic Value of Stromal Type IV Collagen Expression in Small Invasive Breast Cancers

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    Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Localized breast cancer can be cured by surgery and adjuvant therapy, but mortality remains high for tumors that metastasize early. Type IV collagen is a basement membrane protein, and breach of this extracellular matrix structure is the first step of cancer invasion. Type IV collagen is found in the stroma of many cancers, but its role in tumor biology is unclear. Here, expression of type IV collagen in the stroma of small breast cancers was analyzed, correlated to clinically used prognostic biomarkers and patient survival. The findings were further validated in an independent gene expression data cohort. Tissue samples from 1,379 women with in situ and small invasive breast cancers (Peer reviewe

    A Directed RNAi Screen Based on Larval Growth Arrest Reveals New Modifiers of C. elegans Insulin Signaling

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    Genes regulating Caenorhabditis elegans insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) have largely been identified on the basis of their involvement in dauer development or longevity. A third IIS phenotype is the first larval stage (L1) diapause, which is also influenced by asna-1, a regulator of DAF-28/insulin secretion. We reasoned that new regulators of IIS strength might be identified in screens based on the L1 diapause and the asna-1 phenotype. Eighty- six genes were selected for analysis by virtue of their predicted interaction with ASNA-1 and screened for asna-1-like larval arrest. ykt-6, mrps-2, mrps-10 and mrpl-43 were identified as genes which, when inactivated, caused larval arrest without any associated feeding defects. Several tests indicated that IIS strength was weaker and that insulin secretion was defective in these animals. This study highlights the role of the Golgi network and the mitochondria in insulin secretion and provides a new list of genes that modulate IIS in C. elegans

    Mitochondrial Function Is Required for Secretion of DAF-28/Insulin in C. elegans

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    While insulin signaling has been extensively studied in Caenorhabditis elegans in the context of ageing and stress response, less is known about the factors underlying the secretion of insulin ligands upstream of the insulin receptor. Activation of the receptor governs the decision whether to progress through the reproductive lifecycle or to arrest growth and enter hibernation. We find that animals with reduced levels of the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase homologue TOMM-40 arrest growth as larvae and have decreased insulin signaling strength. TOMM-40 acts as a mitochondrial translocase in C. elegans and in its absence animals fail to import a mitochondrial protein reporter across the mitochondrial membrane(s). Inactivation of TOMM-40 evokes the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and causes a collapse of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Consequently these broadly dysfunctional mitochondria render an inability to couple food abundance to secretion of DAF-28/insulin. The secretion defect is not general in nature since two other neuropeptides, ANF::GFP and INS-22::VENUS, are secreted normally. RNAi against two other putative members of the TOMM complex give similar phenotypes, implying that DAF-28 secretion is sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction in general. We conclude that mitochondrial function is required for C. elegans to secrete DAF-28/insulin when food is abundant. This modulation of secretion likely represents an additional level of control over DAF-28/insulin function

    Insulin secretion and ASNA-1-dependent function of the endoplasmic reticulum in C. elegans

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    ASNA1 is a well-conserved ATPase involved in a wide range of functions, including cisplatin resistance, growth control, insulin secretion and targeting of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to membranes. It is a positive regulator of insulin secretion both in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and in humans. Insulin secretion and downstream insulin/IGF signalling (IIS) stands at the heart of many human pathologies, such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. A better understanding of IIS may therefore prove vital for treatment and cure of these diseases. This thesis aims to further investigate the function of asna-1, and to identify new regulators of IIS based on the asna-1 phenotype in C. elegans. Worms lacking ASNA-1 arrest growth in the first larval stage, L1, with reduced insulin secretion. The L1 arrest represents the strongest of the IIS phenotypes in worms. Most regulators of the insulin pathway have been identified in screens for other IIS phenotypes, influencing lifespan or the dauer diapause. Therefore, new regulators could be found by screening for genes which, when inactivated, cause an asna-1-like L1 arrest. Using bioinformatic approaches, a set of 143 putative asna-1 interactors were identified, based on their predicted or confirmed interaction with asna-1 in various organisms. Depletion of the Golgi SNARE homologue YKT-6 or the mitochondrial translocase homologue TOMM-40 caused asna-1-like larval arrests. Using several criteria, including genetic suppression by daf-16/Foxo, it was established that YKT-6 and TOMM-40 are positive regulators of IIS. Both proteins were also required for normal DAF-28/insulin secretion. Further investigation of TOMM-40 identified it as a ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial translocase in C. elegans: It localized to mitochondrial membranes and was required for importing a tagged mitochondrial reporter across mitochondrial membranes. Depletion of TOMM-40 caused a collapse of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and triggered the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR). Worms with defective mitochondria failed to grow normally in presence of food, but this growth defect was suppressed by daf-16(mgDf50). In addition, tomm-40(RNAi) led to DAF-16/FOXO activation, an effect that was suppressed by over expression of DAF-28/insulin. Taken together, these findings support a model whereby signals of food availability are conveyed through respiring mitochondria to promote DAF-28/insulin secretion, which in turn promotes growth. Biochemical studies have identified ASNA-1 as a chaperone that targets a subset of newly synthesized TA proteins to a receptor at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. However, these findings have not been tested in vivo in a metazoan model. A reporter-based system to analyse TA protein targeting into the ER in live animals using confocal microscopy was set up. A model asna-1-dependent TA protein, Y38F2AR.9/SEC-61ÎČ, required functional ASNA-1 for correct targeting to the ER. Conversely, a model asna-1-independent TA protein, CYTB5.1/cytochrome B5, did not. This phenotype was shared with the predicted asna-1 receptor homologue, wrb-1. Consistently, WRB-1 was found to localize to the ER. However, other wrb-1 mutant phenotypes only partially overlap with those of asna-1 mutants, suggesting that ASNA-1 is either partially independent of WRB-1 for TA protein targeting or that ASNA-1 has additional functions besides its role in TA protein targeting. Confocal microscopy also indicated that the ER morphology was aberrant in asna-1 and wrb-1 mutants. ER UPR was elevated in the asna-1 mutants, as indicated by the upregulation of an hsp-4/BiP reporter. Transmission and immuno-electron microscopy of these mutants revealed a swollen ER lumen, which is another hallmark of ER stress. High levels of autophagy in asna-1 animals and the presence of ER-containing autophagosomes in both asna-1 and wrb-1 mutants indicated a stress-induced remodelling of the ER membrane in these two mutants. In addition, both mutants had normal mitochondrial morphology, but showed severe effects on Golgi compartment morphology. Hypothetically, all these phenotypes could be due to defects in the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. This is because Y38F2AR.9/SEC-61ÎČ is both a TA protein and a component of the SEC-61 translocon. However, both Golgi and ER morphology was normal in Y38F2AR.9/sec-61ÎČ(tm1986) mutant animals, suggesting that the organellar defects seen in asna-1 and wrb-1 were due to a TA protein-dependent mechanism rather than an SRP-dependent mechanism. In addition, asna-1 mutants displayed numerous protein aggregates, consistent with a proposed role for ASNA-1 in shielding aggregation-prone TA protein membrane anchors from the hydrophilic environment of the cytosol. In conclusion, YKT-6 and TOMM-40 are positive regulators of IIS and DAF-28/insulin secretion, implicating roles for Golgi and mitochondria in IIS. DAF-28 is a metabolically regulated insulin in C. elegans, since its secretion depends on active mitochondria. Mutants for asna-1 and its predicted receptor wrb-1 show severe defects in ER and Golgi morphology. These defects may occur because TA protein targeting in asna-1 and wrb-1 mutants is defective, which is also demonstrated here in the first analysis of this process in live animals

    LRIG1 is a conserved EGFR regulator involved in melanoma development, survival and treatment resistance

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    Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) is a pan-negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and a tumor suppressor in several cancers, but its involvement in melanoma is largely unexplored. Here, we aim to determine the role of LRIG1 in melanoma tumorigenesis, RTK signaling, and BRAF inhibitor resistance. We find that LRIG1 is downregulated during early tumorigenesis and that LRIG1 affects activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in melanoma cells. LRIG1-dependent regulation of EGFR signaling is evolutionary conserved to the roundworm C. elegans, where negative regulation of the EGFR-Ras-Raf pathway by sma-10/LRIG completely depends on presence of the receptor let-23/EGFR. In a cohort of metastatic melanoma patients, we observe an association between LRIG1 and survival in the triple wild-type subtype and in tumors with high EGFR expression. During in vitro development of BRAF inhibitor resistance, LRIG1 expression decreases; and mimics LRIG1 knockout cells for increased EGFR expression. Treating resistant cells with recombinant LRIG1 suppresses AKT activation and proliferation. Together, our results show that sma-10/LRIG is a conserved regulator of RTK signaling, add to our understanding of LRIG1 in melanoma and identifies recombinant LRIG1 as a potential therapeutic against BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma

    Uniform Pores in Cross-Linked Polymers by Dispersed Fumed Silica Templating

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    Hydrophobic fumed silica dispersions in organic monomers were explored as a pore-forming system in polymer synthesis. The method developed provides a simple and effective way of controlling the pore size in highly cross-linked polymers. Fumed silica suspensions in divinylbenzene were polymerized with subsequent etching of the silica particles, therefore creating the porosity in the polymer. The resulting polymers are mesoporous materials, exhibiting an extremely narrow pore size distribution with an average pore size of about 100 angstrom, replicating the size of the nanofiller. BET surface areas were found appreciably high (similar to 350 m(2)/g). Furthermore, the rheological behavior of the prepolymerization mixtures was studied to elucidate the formation of the porous network and showed that a tridimensional network of particles is formed at a minimum silica fraction (Phi(v)) of 0.08

    Grönare godsflöden: DelomrÄde Triggers för samordnade godstransporter

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    Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlĂ€gga möjligheter för effektivare utnyttjande av transportresurserna med utgĂ„ngspunkt i befintliga godsflöden. Arbetet har dĂ€rför inriktats pĂ„ att kartlĂ€gga obalanser i gods- och resursflödena samt de underliggande orsakerna till varför dessa uppstĂ„r. I detta arbete innefattas Ă€ven de aktörer som Ă€r involverade och pĂ„ vilka sĂ€tt godsflödenas sammansĂ€ttning pĂ„verkar transporternas utförande. I studien har Ă€ven potentiella Ă„tgĂ€rder för att öka resursutnyttjande och fyllnadsgrad i transportsystemet identifierats. Detta har gjorts med avseende pĂ„ de incitamentsstrukturer som ligger till grund för hur olika aktörer pĂ„verkar olika transportstrukturer och möjligheten till ett högt resursutnyttjande. Studien tar stöd av kĂ€llor med statistiska data. PrimĂ€rt har fyra olika datakĂ€llor anvĂ€nts: ·Varuflödesundersökningen som genomförs regelbundet av Trafikanalys ·PWC-matriser frĂ„n den nationella transportprognosmodellen SAMGODS ·Lastbilsundersökningen som publicerar aktuell information om lastbilstrafiken med svenskregistrerade lastbilar och som genomförs varje kvartal av Trafikanalys ·Aktuell hamnstatistik som publiceras av bĂ„de Trafikanalys och Sveriges Hamnar. Ett grundlĂ€ggande problem med datatillgĂ„ngen Ă€r att de data som samlas in Ă€r framtagna pĂ„ olika grunder och med skilda förutsĂ€ttningar. Detta innebĂ€r att dessa ej kan samköras direkt. Trots tillgĂ„ngen pĂ„ data, Ă€r det sĂ„ledes problematiskt att kombinera dessa olika undersökningar i en och samma analys. Vad gĂ€ller de resultat som framkommit Ă€r det svĂ„rt att föreslĂ„ Ă„tgĂ€rder för att öka resursutnyttjandet ur ett generellt perspektiv. Detta beror till stor del pĂ„ att efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ godstransporter huvudsakligen styrs av varuĂ€garna. Det Ă€r sĂ„ledes viktigt att klargöra vilken roll respektive aktör har och pĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt denna roll pĂ„verkar transportens utförande och planering. Det Ă€r ocksĂ„ viktigt att förstĂ„ att olika typer av produkter och varor stĂ€ller olika krav pĂ„ utförandet av sjĂ€lva transporten, sett till krav pĂ„ flexibilitet, ledtid och transportkvalitet. En viktig aspekt Ă€r hur tillgĂ„ngen pĂ„ gods, till följd av hur befolkning, rĂ„varor och industrier Ă€r lokaliserade i landet, pĂ„verkar transporternas fyllnadsgrad och resursutnyttjande. En stor del av produktionen sker i omrĂ„den med lĂ„g befolkningstĂ€thet, bland annat i norra Sverige, medan konsumtionen i huvudsak sker i tĂ€tbefolkade omrĂ„den i mellersta och södra Sverige. Följden av detta Ă€r stora obalanser i transportefterfrĂ„gan men ocksĂ„ obalanser utifrĂ„n behovet av specifika och anpassade transportlösningar i och med att industrigodset i stor utstrĂ€ckning transporteras med jĂ€rnvĂ€g medan majoriteten av allt konsumentgods transporteras med lastbil. Liknande mönster finns i andra relationer. Högt resursutnyttjande fordrar en balanserad efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ transporter. Obalanser i transportefterfrĂ„gan ger, jĂ€mte tomtransporter, upphov till ompositioneringar, vilka Ă€r en nödvĂ€ndig del av transportsystemet. Analys & Strategi5 Trots att dessa demografiska och industriella faktorer förklarar en stor del av befintliga obalanser i godstransportsystemet, kvarstĂ„r vissa tillkortakommanden som motverkar god fyllnadsgrad och balans i transportflödena. Som exempel finns brister knutna till informationstillgĂ„ng, organisering, tekniska förhĂ„llanden och omlopps-/ledtidsförutsĂ€ttningar som bidrar till att sĂ€nka effektiviteten i transportsystemet. Ett antal Ă„tgĂ€rder för att frĂ€mja högre resursutnyttjande och minskade obalanser i transportsystet har identifierats och beskrivs. Dessa kan grupperas exemplifieras enligt nedan: ·Tekniska Ă„tgĂ€rder, till exempel anvĂ€ndning av mer enhetliga lastbĂ€rare, utökad anvĂ€ndning av specialfordon samt tyngre och/eller lĂ€ngre vĂ€gfordon ·SamverkansĂ„tgĂ€rder sĂ„som fraktbörs och samlastning ·ÅtgĂ€rder avseende organisatoriska och arbetssĂ€tt, bland annat stöd för speditörers interregionala samverkan och tidsfönster för leverans och upphĂ€mtning ·ÅtgĂ€rder rörande bestĂ€mmelser och avgifter, exempelvis begrĂ€nsning av antal trafiktillstĂ„nd och differentierad kilometerskatt och andra incitament Slutligen ges ett antal generella rekommendationer för vad och hur Trafikverket kan göra för att frĂ€mja ökad transporteffektivitet, bland annat att delta i och stödja samverkansforum, bedriva riktade utbildningsinsatser, ge ekonomiskt stöd till försök och pilotprojekt samt ta fram förslag pĂ„ utformning av bestĂ€mmelser och incitamentsmodeller.Grönare godsflöde

    Expression and Circulating Levels of Perlecan in Breast Cancer : Implications for Oestrogen Dependent Stromal Remodeling

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    Localised breast cancer can be cured by surgery and adjuvant treatments, but mortality remains high as some tumours metastasize early. Perlecan is a basement membrane (BM) protein involved in tumour development and progression. Here, mRNA and protein expression of perlecan, and mRNA expression of matrix degrading enzymes were studied in normal breast and invasive breast cancer, and correlated to prognostic risk factors, in particular oestrogen status. Moreover, plasma levels of perlecan were measured in patients with breast cancer and compared with controls. mRNA data was extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Perlecan protein expression was visualized using immunofluorescence and plasma levels measured by ELISA assay. Perlecan mRNA levels were twice as high in normal breast compared with breast cancer tissue. A strong correlation was found between mRNA expression of perlecan and several matrix-degrading enzymes in oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumours. Perlecan protein was localized to both epithelial and vascular BMs, but absent in the stroma in normal breast. In breast cancer, the expression of perlecan in epithelial BM was fragmented or completely lost, with a marked upregulation of perlecan expression in the stroma. Significantly higher levels of perlecan were found in plasma of ER+ patients when compared with ER- patients. This study shows that perlecan expression and degradation in breast cancer may be linked to the ER status of the tumour

    Grönare godsflöden: DelomrÄde Triggers för samordnade godstransporter

    No full text
    Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlĂ€gga möjligheter för effektivare utnyttjande av transportresurserna med utgĂ„ngspunkt i befintliga godsflöden. Arbetet har dĂ€rför inriktats pĂ„ att kartlĂ€gga obalanser i gods- och resursflödena samt de underliggande orsakerna till varför dessa uppstĂ„r. I detta arbete innefattas Ă€ven de aktörer som Ă€r involverade och pĂ„ vilka sĂ€tt godsflödenas sammansĂ€ttning pĂ„verkar transporternas utförande. I studien har Ă€ven potentiella Ă„tgĂ€rder för att öka resursutnyttjande och fyllnadsgrad i transportsystemet identifierats. Detta har gjorts med avseende pĂ„ de incitamentsstrukturer som ligger till grund för hur olika aktörer pĂ„verkar olika transportstrukturer och möjligheten till ett högt resursutnyttjande. Studien tar stöd av kĂ€llor med statistiska data. PrimĂ€rt har fyra olika datakĂ€llor anvĂ€nts: ·Varuflödesundersökningen som genomförs regelbundet av Trafikanalys ·PWC-matriser frĂ„n den nationella transportprognosmodellen SAMGODS ·Lastbilsundersökningen som publicerar aktuell information om lastbilstrafiken med svenskregistrerade lastbilar och som genomförs varje kvartal av Trafikanalys ·Aktuell hamnstatistik som publiceras av bĂ„de Trafikanalys och Sveriges Hamnar. Ett grundlĂ€ggande problem med datatillgĂ„ngen Ă€r att de data som samlas in Ă€r framtagna pĂ„ olika grunder och med skilda förutsĂ€ttningar. Detta innebĂ€r att dessa ej kan samköras direkt. Trots tillgĂ„ngen pĂ„ data, Ă€r det sĂ„ledes problematiskt att kombinera dessa olika undersökningar i en och samma analys. Vad gĂ€ller de resultat som framkommit Ă€r det svĂ„rt att föreslĂ„ Ă„tgĂ€rder för att öka resursutnyttjandet ur ett generellt perspektiv. Detta beror till stor del pĂ„ att efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ godstransporter huvudsakligen styrs av varuĂ€garna. Det Ă€r sĂ„ledes viktigt att klargöra vilken roll respektive aktör har och pĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt denna roll pĂ„verkar transportens utförande och planering. Det Ă€r ocksĂ„ viktigt att förstĂ„ att olika typer av produkter och varor stĂ€ller olika krav pĂ„ utförandet av sjĂ€lva transporten, sett till krav pĂ„ flexibilitet, ledtid och transportkvalitet. En viktig aspekt Ă€r hur tillgĂ„ngen pĂ„ gods, till följd av hur befolkning, rĂ„varor och industrier Ă€r lokaliserade i landet, pĂ„verkar transporternas fyllnadsgrad och resursutnyttjande. En stor del av produktionen sker i omrĂ„den med lĂ„g befolkningstĂ€thet, bland annat i norra Sverige, medan konsumtionen i huvudsak sker i tĂ€tbefolkade omrĂ„den i mellersta och södra Sverige. Följden av detta Ă€r stora obalanser i transportefterfrĂ„gan men ocksĂ„ obalanser utifrĂ„n behovet av specifika och anpassade transportlösningar i och med att industrigodset i stor utstrĂ€ckning transporteras med jĂ€rnvĂ€g medan majoriteten av allt konsumentgods transporteras med lastbil. Liknande mönster finns i andra relationer. Högt resursutnyttjande fordrar en balanserad efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ transporter. Obalanser i transportefterfrĂ„gan ger, jĂ€mte tomtransporter, upphov till ompositioneringar, vilka Ă€r en nödvĂ€ndig del av transportsystemet. Analys & Strategi5 Trots att dessa demografiska och industriella faktorer förklarar en stor del av befintliga obalanser i godstransportsystemet, kvarstĂ„r vissa tillkortakommanden som motverkar god fyllnadsgrad och balans i transportflödena. Som exempel finns brister knutna till informationstillgĂ„ng, organisering, tekniska förhĂ„llanden och omlopps-/ledtidsförutsĂ€ttningar som bidrar till att sĂ€nka effektiviteten i transportsystemet. Ett antal Ă„tgĂ€rder för att frĂ€mja högre resursutnyttjande och minskade obalanser i transportsystet har identifierats och beskrivs. Dessa kan grupperas exemplifieras enligt nedan: ·Tekniska Ă„tgĂ€rder, till exempel anvĂ€ndning av mer enhetliga lastbĂ€rare, utökad anvĂ€ndning av specialfordon samt tyngre och/eller lĂ€ngre vĂ€gfordon ·SamverkansĂ„tgĂ€rder sĂ„som fraktbörs och samlastning ·ÅtgĂ€rder avseende organisatoriska och arbetssĂ€tt, bland annat stöd för speditörers interregionala samverkan och tidsfönster för leverans och upphĂ€mtning ·ÅtgĂ€rder rörande bestĂ€mmelser och avgifter, exempelvis begrĂ€nsning av antal trafiktillstĂ„nd och differentierad kilometerskatt och andra incitament Slutligen ges ett antal generella rekommendationer för vad och hur Trafikverket kan göra för att frĂ€mja ökad transporteffektivitet, bland annat att delta i och stödja samverkansforum, bedriva riktade utbildningsinsatser, ge ekonomiskt stöd till försök och pilotprojekt samt ta fram förslag pĂ„ utformning av bestĂ€mmelser och incitamentsmodeller.Grönare godsflöde
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