Virusi jabučastih voćaka u Bosni i Hercegovini

Field surveys and laboratory tests were carried out to assess the sanitary status of pome fruit trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Field surveys were carried out in 10 orchards, two nurseries and one varietal collection during 2005-2006. A total of 65 apple and 51 pear cultivars were tested for the presence of the four most important pome fruit viruses: Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV). The most frequent viruses of apple were ACLSV (72%) and ASPV (69%), whereas for pear those were ASGV (69%) and ACLSV (64%). Biological indexing was more reliable than ELISA for virus detection. Multiplex RT-PCR results of 20 randomly selected apple cultivars were in line with biological indexing. This is the first report of the presence of ACLSV, ASPV, ASGV and ApMV in Bosnia and Herzegovina in pome fruits.Pregled voćnjaka i laboratorijska testiranja vršena su u cilju utvrđivanja sanitarnog statusa jabučastih voćaka u Bosni i Hercegovini. Pregledano je 10 voćnjaka, dva rasadnika i jedan kolekcioni zasad tokom 2005. godine. Ukupno 65 sorti jabuke i 50 kruške testirano je na prisustvo četiri najznačajnija virusa jabučastih voćaka: virus hlorotične lisne pegavosti jabuke (Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV), virus jamičavosti stabla jabuke (Apple stem pitting virus, ASPV), virus brazdavosti stabla jabuke (Apple stem grooving virus, ASGV) i virus mozaika jabuke (Apple mosaic virus, ApMV). Na ispitivanim sortama jabuke, najzastupljeniji su bili ACLSV (72%) i ASPV (69%), dok je najznačajnije prisustvo, na određenim sortama kruške, utvrđeno za ASGV (69%) i ACLSV (64%). Biološko indeksiranje se pokazalo kao pouzdanija tehnika za detekciju virusa jabučastih voćaka od ELISA. Kod 20 slučajno odabranih sorti jabuke, rezultati dobijeni biološkim indeksiranjem su potvrđeni multiplex RT-PCR. Ovaj rad predstavlja prvo saopštenje o prisustvu virusa ACLSV, ASPV, ASGV i ApMV na jabučastim voćkama u Bosni i Hercegovini

The effect of earthworms Lumbricus rubellus on the total count of microorganisms in soil treated with pendimethalin

U radu je ispitivano na koji način kišna glista Lumbricus rubellus svojom aktivnošću utječe na brojnost različitih fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama u zemljištu tretiranim pesticidom Stomp 330 E čija je aktivna supstanca pendimetalin. Eksperiment je postavljen u 10 staklenih kontejnera sa zemljišnim supstratom, pri čemu je jedan kontejner bio kontrolni, a po tri kontejnera su tretirana s tri različite koncentracije pendimentalina. Korištena je deklaracijom preporučena koncentracija pesticida od 5 μl/kg, jedna niža koncentracija od 3 μl/kg i jedna viša koncentracija od 7 μl/kg. Brojnost fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama je određena iz tri komore tretirane različitim koncentracijama pendimetalina 48 sati nakon tretmana, a iz druge tri komore 21 dan nakon tretmana. Kako bi se utvrdilo postoji li interakcija između aktivnosti kišnih glista i brojnosti mikroorganizama u zemljištu kontaminiranom pesticidom u tri komore je pored navedenih koncentracija pesticida ubačeno po 10 odraslih jedinki vrste Lumbricus rubellus. Mikrobiološka analiza supstrata je izvršena 21 dan nakon tretmana. Utvrđeno je da je dva dana nakon primjene različitih koncentracija pesticida došlo do statistički značajnog opadanja brojnosti gljivica i celulolitičkih mikroorganizama u zemljištu, dok se brojnost ukupnih heterotrofnih bakterija, kao i mikroorganizama koji sudjeluju u različitim etapama metabolizma dušika višestruko povećala. Međutim, 21 dan nakon provođenja tretmana zabilježen je značajan pad brojnosti ukupnih heterotrofnih bakterija u svim tretiranim kontejnerima u odnosu na kontrolni, pri čemu su kišne gliste svojom aktivnošću djelomično ublažile negativan efekt pendimentalina na ukupnu zemljišnu bakteriofloru te su pozitivno djelovale na brojnost gljivica, aktinomiceta i celulolitičkih mikroorganizama, dok na brojnost aminoautotrofa, oligonitrofila i slobodnih dušičnih fiksatora prisustvo kišnih glista u zemljištu nije imalo značajan utjecaj. Pokazalo se da kišne gliste svojom aktivnošću ublažavaju negativno djelovanje pesticida Stomp 330 E na bakteriofloru i gljivice, čime se ističe njihova moguća upotreba u procesima bioremedijacije.This paper examines the modus in which earthworm Lumbricus rubellus with its activity affects the total count of different physiological groups of microorganisms in soil treated with herbicide pendimethalin. The experiment was carried out in ten glass containers with a soil substrate, whereby one of them was the control one, and each group of three containers was treated with different concentration of pendimethalin. A concentration of pesticide of 5 μl/kg, which is recommended by the declaration, one lower concentration of 3 μl/kg and one higher of 7 μl/kg were used. The number of physiological groups of microorganisms is determined from the three containers treated with different concentrations of pendimethalin 48 hours after the treatment, and from the other three containers 21 days after the treatment. Two days after the application of different concentration of pesticide, a significant statistical decrease was found in the number of fungi and cellulotical microorganisms in soil, while the total number of heterotrophic bacteria as well as microorganisms which participate in different stages of nitrogen metabolism increased. However, 21 days after the treatment a significant decrease in the total number of heterotrophic bacteria in all treated containers comparing to the control one was noticed, where earthworms with their activities partially attenuated the negative effect of pendimethalin on soil bacterial flora. They also had a positive effect on the number of fungi, actinomycetes and cellulolytic microorganisms while the presence of earthworms had no significant influence on the number of aminoautotrophs, oligonitrophils and free-living diazotrophs. It was shown that earthworms with their activities attenuate the negative effect of pendimethalin on bacterial flora, actinomycetes and fungi, which points out to their possible use in processes of bioremediation

Sanitary Status of the Grapevine Germplasm Collection in Republic of Srpska

In July 2015, 179 grapevine plants belonging to 16 grapevine autochthonous cultivars were assessed for sanitary status using DAS ELISA test for the presence of: Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2)and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3). Furthermore, surveyfor the phytoplasma presence and laboratory analyses using nested-PCR/RFLP assay was conducted at the beginning of September 2015 on grapevine cultivars which were not positive in DAS ELISA test for the presence of the four viruses. Out of 179 tested plants with DAS ELISA test, 146 (81%) were positive for the presence of at least one virus. The most widespread viruses were GFLaV- 1 and GFLaV- 3 with approximately 80 % of grapevines infected. Nested–PCR/RFLP assay showed that out of 33 tested samples 2 were positive for the presence of phytoplasmas from 16SrXII group. Sanitation of infected grapevine cultivars is needed in near future

Detection and phylogenetic analyses of fig-infecting viruses in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro

During spring 2016, a survey was carried out in Bosnian-Herzegovinian (BiH) and Montenegrin (MNE) fig orchards, germplasm collection plots and outdoor gardens, to investigate the presence of unreported fig viruses possibly present in both countries, i.e. Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1), Fig cryptic virus 1 (FCV-1), Fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV) and Fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1); as well as those previously reported, i.e. Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig mild mottle-associated virus (FMMaV) and Fig mosaic emaravirus (FMV). A total of 84 fig samples (49 from BIH and 35 from MNE) were collected and tested by PCR/RT-PCR using sets of virus-specific primers. Results showed that FBV-1 was the prevailing virus with all samples (100%) infected, followed by FLMaV-1 (54%), FMV (35%), FMMaV (7%), FFkaV (6%) and FLMaV-2 (1%); whereas FLV-1 and FCV-1 were not detected. Excluding the FBV-1 detection, 35% of tested trees were infected with at least one other virus. Sequence analyses of PCR/RT-PCR fragments obtained from different viruses showed that FBV-1 was the least variable (0.9% of nucleotides divergent) compared with FLMaV-1 (15.7% sequence variation), FLMaV-2 (17.4%), FMMaV (14.9%), FMV (16.9%) and FFkaV (14.3%). Phylogenetic trees constructed with obtained sequences, together with their homologues retrieved from the Genbank database, showed distinct separation of the BiH and MNE isolates from those of different origins, in particular for FFkaV and FMV; whereas for closteroviruses (FLMaV-1, FLMaV-2 and FMMaV), there was no distinction between the isolates. This is the first report on sequence analyses of fig viruses in this geographical region, and of the presence of FBV-1 in BiH and MNE, and of FLMaV-2 and FFkaV

DNA/BSA interactions and cytotoxic studies of tetradentate N,N,O,O-Schiff base copper(II) complexes: Scientific paper

Three Schiff base Cu(II) complexes, (N,N’-bis(acetylacetone)­propyl­enediimine)copper(II) complex, [Cu(acac2pn)] (1), (N,N'-bis-(ben­zoyl­acet­one)propylenediimine)copper(II) complex, [Cu(phacac2pn)] (2) and (N,N’-bis-(trifluoroacetylacetone)propylenediimine)­copper(II) complex, [Cu(tfacac2pn)] (3), were used to investigate the interactions with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using the electronic absorption and spectro­scopic fluorescence methods. UV–Vis absorption studies showed that studied complexes interact with DNA molecule and exhibit moderate binding affinity. Fluorescence studies of complexes 1–3 also showed a possibility for DNA int­ercalation as well as a relatively high binding ability toward BSA. Among the tested complexes, the highest affinity for DNA and BSA molecules was shown by complex 1. Cytotoxic analyses, performed on human colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 and healthy lung fibroblast MRC-5 cell lines, showed that complex 2 exhibited activity on both cell lines, while complexes 1 and 3 did not show any activity

Sanitary Status of Pome and Stone Fruit Collection in Gene Bank in Republic of Srpska

Detection of viruses presence were carried out for the 225 a of pome and stone fruit trees from the collection of the Genetic Resources Institute of University of Banja Luka, located within the Botanical Garden of the University, tested by DAS-ELISA. The pome fruit trees were analyzed on presence of the following viruses: Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus (ACLSV), Apple Stem Grooving Virus (ASGV), Apple Stem Pitting Virus (ASPV) and Apple Mosaic Virus (ApMV). The stone fruits were analyzed on presence of Plum Pox Virus (PPV), Prune Dwarf Virus (PDV) and Prunus Necrotic Ring Spot Virus (PNRSV). All samples were tested serologically by DAS-ELISA. In addition to this, virus negative pear and apple accessions were tested for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' presence using nested-PCR/RFLP analyses

Seasonal Changes in the Content of Photosynthetic Pigments of Dominant Macrophytes in the Bardača Fishpond Area

In this paper, changes in the content of photosynthetic pigments during the vegetation season in the leaves of Phragmites communis Trin., Salvinia natans (L.) All., Trapa natans L. and Utricularia vulgaris L. in the area of Bardača fishpond (Sinjak pond) were monitored. Physical and chemical characteristics of water are defined in order to determine their association with the content of photosynthetic pigments. The obtained results indicate the specificity in the content of photosynthetic pigments between aquatic macrophytes and significant variations during the vegetation season. The maximum content of pigments was determined in the leaves of the emerged species, while the minimum content was measured in the submerged and floating leaves. The investigated macrophytic species showed a similar trend in the total chlorophyll content during the vegetation period; with two maximums recorded – May and September, while the minimum values were recorded with the senescence process (October). Total chlorophyll and carotenoids were in a negative correlation with temperature, pH, saturation, water transparency and orthophosphate content in water. On the other hand, they were in a positive correlation with the content of nitrates in water. The correlation analysis of the physical and chemical parameters of water quality and the concentration of macrophytes photosynthetic pigments showed a significant influence of certain abiotic factors on the photosynthetic pigments’ content in the leaves of Phragmites communis Trin., Salvinia natans (L.) All., Trapa natans L. and Utricularia vulgaris L

Content of photosynthetic pigments in Phragmites communis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Salvinia natans L. (All.), Utricularia vulgaris L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. during the season in the area of the Bardača pond (Republika Srpska)

It is known that aquatic macrophytes are an important part of freshwater ecosystems, and that they play a different role in their structure and functioning. Their presence and distribution depends on water temperature and transparency, nutrient content, conductivity, pH, chemical composition and water circulation. Therefore, the goal of our research was to determine the influence and interrelationship of physicochemical parameters of water on the content of photosynthetic pigments in aquatic macrophytes of Lake Necik, in the Ramsar area of Bardača (Republic of Srpska). Content of total chlorophyll (a + b) during the growing season (June–October) ranged from 0.231 to 1.145 mg g−1 FW in Phragmites communis Trin. ex Steud., from 0.061 to 0.541 mg g−1 FW in Salvinia natans L. (All.), from 0.063 to 0.626 mg g−1 FW in Utricularia vulgaris L. and from 0.063 to 0.443 mg g−1 FW in Ceratophyllum demersum L. Research has shown that floating and submerged macrophytes have a lower ratio of chlorophyll a/b compared to emergent hydrophytes, which is most likely the result of stress caused by increased light intensity and temperature. Seasonal variations in the content of photosynthetic pigments indicated that the species Phragmites communis proved to be more tolerant to the stress caused by the influence of various abiotic factors, while Salvinia natans proved to be more sensitive. Spearmon’s correlation coefficient of the physicochemical parameters of water and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments of macrophytes showed a significant influence of certain abiotic factors (temperature, transparency and nutrients) on the content of pigments in the leaves of Phragmites communis, Salvinia natans, Utricularia vulgaris and Ceratophyllum demersum L

Multigene characterization of 'candidatus phytoplasma solani' strains infecting pepper, celery and maize in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Molecular characterisation was performed on phytoplasma strains collected in Semberia region of Bosnia and Herzegovina from symptomatic maize, pepper and celery and resulted infected with 'Ca. P. solani', by a multigene RFLP and sequencing study. The RFLP analyses on tuf, secY, vmp1 and stamp genes allow to differentiate 8 lineages in the 13 positive samples obtained, indicating the presence of different 'Ca. P. solani' lineages. Three lineages were detected in the seven samples of maize, each of the four pepper samples was infected by a different lineage, and one of these was also found in one of the two celery samples. The phyto-plasmas in the other celery sample represent a further lineage. The identification of a number of lineages in these crops compared to the 4 detected in grapevine in previous surveys, allow to speculate about the presence of insect vectors that could be different in the case of these crops from those reported for grapevine or of possible increasing of phytoplasma biodiversity by their possible seed transmission