Digital Forensic Analysis of Telegram Messenger App in Android Virtual Environment

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the artifacts generated by the Telegram Messenger application on Android OS which provides secure communications between individuals, groups, and channels. Since the past few years, the application went through major changes and updates and the latest version’s artifacts varied from the previous ones. Our methodology is based on the set of experiments designed to generate the artifacts from various use cases on the virtualized environment. The acquired artifacts such as messages, their location, and data structure how they relate to one another were studied and were then compared to the older versions. By correlating the artifacts of newer version with the older ones, it shows how the application have been upgraded behind the scenes and by incorporating those results can provide investigators better understanding and insight for the certain evidence in a potential cybercrime case

Bio-methane Production from Sorghum Elite Lines under the Climatic Conditions of Pakistan

Fossil foils are depleting dramatically to meet the ever blooming energy demands. Plant biomass is a best source of renewable energy which can be used for bio-fuel production in order to meet the energy demands. Therefore, this study was conducted for two consecutive years 2016 and 2017 to screen out best lines of sorghum for biomass yield, chemical composition and bio-methane yield. The results revealed that tested lines had differential responses for biomass yield, biomass quality and methane yield. Line 5018, performed remarkably and produced maximum leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD) and crop growth rate (CGR) followed by L-6024 whereas the minimum LAI, LAD and CGR were recorded for L-5025. Maximum plant height, leaves per plant and dry matter yield ha-1 was observed in L-5018, whereas the minimum plant height leaves per plant and dry matter yield ha-1 was recorded in L-5025. Likewise, L-5018 also had maximum protein content, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, lignin content and ash content whereas the L-1914 had the minimum values for these parameters amongst the tested li- nes. In addition, L-1914 produced maximum specific yield, however, L-5018 produced maximum methane yield ha-1 owing to higher dry matter yield ha-1. The results of this study suggested that L-5018 can be used to develop high biomass cultivars with good methane yield potential

Lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos de hígado de pescado Catla catla salvajes y criados

This experimental work was aimed to study the moisture content, total lipids and fatty acid profile in the liver of wild and farmed freshwater major carp Catla catla of three different weight categories designated as W1 (601-900g), W2 (901- 1200)g and W3 (1201-1500g). Seven fish specimens of each of the three weight categories of wild and farmed Catla catla were obtained from Trimu Head, Jhang and Fish Hatchery, Satiana Road and Faisalabad, respectively. The fish were dissected to remove the liver and after weighing, liver samples were prepared and subjected to chemical analysis. Wild Catla catla liver had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher moisture content as compared to the farmed species. Farmed Catla catla deposited significantly (p < 0.05) higher lipid contents in liver. Proportions of saturated fatty acids varied irregularly in the lipids of the liver from both wild and farmed Catla catla. Saturated fatty acids C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C22:0 were identified with considerable percentages in the liver of Catla catla from both habitats and monounsaturated fatty acid C18:1 was found in considerable amounts in the liver of both major carp. Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C18:3 (n-6) and C20: 2 (n-6) were detected in the liver of the wild fish of W2 and W3 and was similar in the W3 weight category of the farmed species.Este trabajo experimental tiene como objetivo estudiar el contenido de humedad, lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos de hígado de carpa de agua dulce Catla catla de tres categorías con peso diferentes designadas como W1 (601- 900g), W2 (901-1200)g and W3 (1201-1500g). Siete muestras de pescados por cada una de las tres categorías de peso para Catla catla salvajes y criados fueron obtenidos de Trimu Head, Jhang and Fish Hatchery, Satiana Road y Faisalabad, respectivamente. Los pescados fueron diseccionados para obtener el hígado y las muestras de hígado fueron preparadas y sujetas a análisis químico. Catla catla salvaje tuvo un contenido de humedad significativamente mayor (p < 0.05) en comparación con las especies criadas. En Catla catla criadas se depositaron mayores contenidos de lípidos en el hígado. La proporción de ácidos grasos saturados vario irregularmente en los lípidos del hígado de Catla catla salvajes y criados. Los ácidos grasos saturados C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0 y C22:0 fueron identificados en un alto porcentaje en hígados de Catla catla procedentes de ambos hábitat y el ácido graso monoinsaturado C18:1 fue encontrado en una cantidad considerable en el hígado de ambas carpas. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados tales como C18:3 (n-6) y C20: 2 (n-6) fueron detectados en el hígado de pescados salvajes W2 y W3, así como en la misma categoría de peso W3 de especies criadas

Examining the contribution of fiscal policy on economic growth: Analytical insights from Pakistan

To better understand the influence of fiscal policy (FP) on economic growth (EG) in Pakistan, this study investigates the importance of the amount of output produced by different factors of production in Pakistan's economy. The annual time series data has been collected from the State Bank of Pakistan and World Bank Data-Base from the years (2001-2020). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used for empirical research to assess the significant factors of EG, and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is used to ensure that all of the variables are stationary. Using annual time series data from 2001 to 2020. Based on these findings, this study recommends adopting a proactive fiscal policy framework that incorporates expansionary measures. We argue that this strategy has the capacity to stimulate and maintain Pakistan's economic growth path, thereby fostering a more promising and prosperous future. Moreover, the study found the impact of government expenditures (GE), gross fixed capital creation (GFCC), and direct and indirect taxes on Gross domestic Product (GDP). Additionally, findings showed that government expenditures, gross fixed capital creation, indirect, and direct taxes have a strong effect on economic growth. It is argued that an expansionary fiscal policy in the future could greatly benefit Pakistan's economic growth

Bioavailability and Metabolic Pathway of Phenolic Compounds

As potential agents for preventing different oxidative stress-related diseases, phenolic compounds have attracted increasing attention with the passage of time. Intake of fruits, vegetables and cereals in higher quantities is linked with decreased chances of chronic diseases. In plant-based foods, phenolic compounds are very abundant. However, bio-accessibility and biotransformation of phenolic compound are not reviewed in these studies; therefore, a detailed action mechanism of phenolic compounds is not recognized. In this article, inclusive concept of different factors affecting the bioavailability of phenolic compounds and their metabolic processes is presented through which phenolic compounds go after ingestion

Internal mammary artery flow in different racial groups of Pakistan

Objective: To find out any differences in free flow of internal mammary artery among different ethnic groups.Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Civil Hospital, Karachi, from January 2013 to December 2015, and comprised patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The participants were divided into 5 groups, i.e. Sindhi, Muslim migrants from India, Punjabi, Pathan and Balochi patients. Free flow of internal mammary artery was measured immediately after harvesting within a syringe, and its flow was measured in 30 seconds. SPSS 18 was used for data analysis.Results: Of the 158 patients, 44(27.8%) were Sindhi, 33(20.9%) Punjabi, 8(5%) Baloch, 21(13.3%) Pathan and 52(32.9%) were migrants. The overall mean age was 52±8 years and the mean flow was 11.6±9.6ml per 30 seconds. The flow was 9.3±6 ml, 10±8ml, 13±11ml, 17±14ml and 15±13 ml in 30 seconds among migrants, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pathan and Baloch patients, respectively, with significant higher flow in Pathan patients compared to Sindhi and migrant patients (pConclusions: Internal mammary artery flow was higher in Pathan and Baloch patients and low in migrants and Sindhis