Earth-quake resistant six-storied building located at Bhuj

Seismology is the study of earth vibrations mainly caused by earthquakes. The study of these vibrations by various techniques, understanding the nature and various physical processes that generate them from the major part of the seismology. A seismic design of high rise buildings has assumed considerable importance in recent times. In traditional methods adopted based on fundamental mode of the structure and distribution of earthquake forces as static forces at various stories may be adequate for structures of small height subjected to earthquake of very low intensity but as the number of stories increases the seismic design demands more rigor

Economics of advanced carp fingerling rearing enterprise in Orissa

The Present study was undertaken to analyse the economics of fry to advanced fingerling rearing in Cuttack District of Oriss

5-Benzyl­idene-3-phenyl-2-phenyl­imino-1,3-thia­zolidin-4-one

The title compound, C22H16N2OS, is a chalcone analog with a thia­zolidinone core that was synthesized as a potential cytotoxic and anti­cancer agent. The structure is commensurately modulated by unit-cell doubling along the direction of the a axis of the cell. The two crystallographically independent mol­ecules are differerentiated by the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzyl­idene phenyl group against the thia­zolidin-4-one moiety, which is 5.01 (7)° in one mol­ecule, and 17.41 (6)° in the other. The two mol­ecules are otherwise close to being indistinguishable and are related by crystallographic pseudo-translation. The two mol­ecules are not planar but are slightly bent with the benzyl­idene and phenyl­imino substituents being bent upwards with respect to the center planes of the two mol­ecules. The degree of bending of the two halves of the thia­zolidin-4-one moieties (defined as the planes that inter­sect at the S atom) are 11.08 (7) and 15.88 (7)°. Packing of the mol­ecules is facilitated by C—H⋯π inter­actions and slipped π–π stacking between one of the phenyl rings and a neighboring ethylene π system [distance between the centroid of the ethylene group and the closest phenyl C atom = 3.267 (2) Å, Cg(phenyl)⋯Cg(ethylene) = 3.926 Å]

Current Status of Knowledge on Hilsa

Species of the family Clupeidae are highly preferred food fishes in the world. The Indian shad, hilsa, belonging to the family Clupeidae, contribute to commercial catches in a number of countries bordering the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. The species normally inhabit rivers, estuaries and coastal waters. The highest catch comes from the deltaic region of the Gangetic system in the coastal Bay o f Bengal. The fish is anadromous; grows and matures in the sea and migrates to freshwater fo r spawning. Hilsa fisheries provides direct and indirect livelihood to millions o f fishers along the coastal and riverine stretches in its range of distribution. They are highly delicious, priced and has important sociocultural importance, especially in West Bengal and the north eastern States of India. On account of its commercial importance and migratory habit, hilsa received research attraction since 1907 and there is a wealth of disseminated literature on various aspects o f hilsa by researchers o f different countries, including India

Farming of the anadromous shad, Tenualosa ilisha: Signs of taking off in India

Clupeids are important food fi shes in high demand and hence are heavily exploited across the World. Most tropical clupeids are un-domesticated and caught from the wild. The species, Tenualosa ilisha, belonging to the family Clupeidae, is an economically important food fi sh in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Arabian countries, Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam, and Sri Lanka. Locally called hilsa, the species forms a rich fi shery worth over US$ 2.0 billion in the northern Bay of Bengal and associated rivers in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar1. By nature, the species is anadromous; spawns in freshwater stretches of rivers and the juveniles migrate to saline off shore waters for growth and maturation and again migrate back to freshwater stretches of rivers for spawning. The populations of the species are declining globally2, largely due to overexploitation and habitat modifi cations. Its fi shery has drastically declined in the Bay of Bengal bordering India3. Considering the excessive demand and very high market price of the fi sh and to ease fi shing pressure on its wild stocks, there have been eff orts for domestication and farming of the species in India, besides legislated natural stock management eff orts. The early eff orts on breeding, larval rearing and grow out in captivity of the species were not measurably successful4. However, the momentum on developing captive breeding and farming technologies for the species have been re-invigorated with research funding from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, through a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional project, ‘Stock characterization, captive breeding, seed production and culture of hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha)’ since 2012

Amino Acid Compositions of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition

Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and play important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine. The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs

Dietary silver nanoparticles as immunostimulant on rohu (Labeo rohita): Effects on the growth, cellular ultrastructure, immune-gene expression, and survival against Aeromonas hydrophila

The current study aimed at assessing the immunostimulatory properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Labeo rohita, and understanding how it affects the growth, cellular ultrastructure, the expression level of immune genes, and infection risk from Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish (avg wt: 30.1±3.26 g) were fed diets with four separate AgNP inclusion levels (0 µgKg−1 [basic diet, T1], 10 µgKg−1 [T2], 15 µgKg−1 [T3], and 20 µgKg−1 [T4]) for 56 days. After the feeding trial, growth, histological, immunological parameters, and protective immune response against A. hydrophila were assessed. The fish in the treatment groups including T1(control), the T3 growth indices, such as specific growth rate (7.56±0.26) and percent weight gain (231.05±3.21), was statistically higher (P < 0.05). In the immunological and oxidative parameters, levels of SOD and catalase decreased in correlation with a rise in the inclusion doses of AgNP in the liver, and a reduction in catalase values was recorded in the gill. With the addition of AgNP, the NBT value was decreased in the gill, and T3 had a considerably larger (P<0.05) value in the liver (0.493±0.02). The kidney of the L. rohita fed AgNP (0 and20 µgKg−1 AgNP) showed expansion through Bowman's gaps, severing of glomeruli with haemorrhage, as well as atrophic spots between its gaps. The liver showed fibrosis, karyolysis, and the removal of the hepatocytes wall. The gill, liver, kidney, and muscle of fish-fed diets supplemented with AgNP, showed that interleukin-8 (IL-8), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were up-regulated. Expression was considerably higher in T3 compared with the control. However, the control group that wasn't given AgNP supplemented diet had increased levels of TGF-beta. Additionally, fish on the T3 diet showed much greater post-challenge survival rates (90%). These findings strongly suggest that dietary inclusion of AgNP (at 10 and 15 µgKg−1 feed) enhances growth, health, and protective immune response against A. hydrophila

Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) in Cellular Homeostasis: A Promising Tool for Health Management in Crustacean Aquaculture

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of ubiquitously expressed stress proteins and extrinsic chaperones that are required for viability and cell growth in all living organisms. These proteins are highly conserved and produced in all cellular organisms when exposed to stress. Hsps play a significant role in protein synthesis and homeostasis, as well as in the maintenance of overall health in crustaceans against various internal and external environmental stresses. Recent reports have suggested that enhancing in vivo Hsp levels via non-lethal heat shock, exogenous Hsps, or plant-based compounds, could be a promising strategy used to develop protective immunity in crustaceans against both abiotic and biotic stresses. Hence, Hsps as the agent of being an immune booster and increasing disease resistance will present a significant advancement in reducing stressful conditions in the aquaculture system

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) : virulence, pathogenesis and mitigation strategies in shrimp aquaculture

Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product, currently exceeding 8 MT of high value. However, disease outbreaks, which are considered as the primary cause of production loss in shrimp farming, have moved to the forefront in recent years and brought socio-economic and environmental unsustainability to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio spp., is a relatively new farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease. The shrimp production in AHPND affected regions has dropped to similar to 60%, and the disease has caused a global loss of USD 43 billion to the shrimp farming industry. The conventional approaches, such as antibiotics and disinfectants, often applied for the mitigation or cure of AHPND, have had limited success. Additionally, their usage has been associated with alteration of host gut microbiota and immunity and development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. For example, the Mexico AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strain (13-306D/4 and 13-511/A1) were reported to carry tetB gene coding for tetracycline resistance gene, and V. campbellii from China was found to carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to thoroughly understand the virulence mechanism of AHPND-causing Vibrio spp. and develop novel management strategies to control AHPND in shrimp aquaculture, that will be crucially important to ensure food security in the future and offer economic stability to farmers. In this review, the most important findings of AHPND are highlighted, discussed and put in perspective, and some directions for future research are presented