Architectural Practice and Academic Research

This paper examines one possible relationship of academic research and professional practice. Itnotes that this issue arises from particular national conditions that are not necessarily shared indifferent countries. As a result, this relationship is not equally visible or similarly understood, andhence models of research have national and even regional variations that threaten the transferabilityof architectural research across national boundaries, in contrast to established models of researchfrom the sciences. The paper proposes a criterion-based response to this problem that seeksto identify common features of research and practice, thereby extending previous scholarship on thenature of academic research

Full-season and post-harvest applications of sterol-inhibiting fungicides to reduce ascospore formation in Venturia inaequalis

Nous avons évalué plusieurs fongicides inhibiteurs de stérols lors de programmes de vaporisation en pleine saison ou en post-récolte en vue de l'inhibition de la formation d'ascospores par le Venturia inaequalis, agent pathogène de la tavelure de la pomme. Les traitements post-récolte avec le flusilazole et le diniconazole étaient comparables ou supérieurs à ceux utilisant le benomyl, avec une suppression de la production d'ascospores de 55 à 99 % ; cependant, le bitertanol a stimulé la production d'ascospores jusqu'à 52%. Lorsqu'appliqués neuf fois lors des programmes en pleine saison, le bitertanol, le flusilazole et le triflumizole ont réduit la formation d'ascospores à un niveau similaire ou supérieur à celui obtenu avec le dodine. Les programmes en pleine saison ont été efficaces à réduire la production d'ascospores.Several sterol-inhibiting (SI) fungicides were tested in post-harvest and full-season spray programs for the inhibition of ascospore formation by Venturia inaequalis, the causal fungus of apple scab. Post-harvest treatments with flusilazole and diniconazole were comparable to or better than those with benomyl and suppressed ascospore production by 55 to 90 %, although bitertanol stimulated ascospore production by up to 52 %. When applied nine times in full-season programs, bitertanol, flusilazole, and triflumizole reduced ascospore formation to a degree similar to or greater than that achieved with dodine. Full-season programs with SI fungicides in combination with mancozeb were highly effective for reducing ascospore production

Determination of time delay from the gravitational lens B1422+231

We present the radio light curves of lensed images of the gravitational lens B1422+231. The observations have been carried out using the VLA at 8.4 and 15 GHz over a period of 197 days. We describe a method to estimate the time delay from the observed light curves. Using this method, our cross-correlation analysis shows that the time delay between images B and A is 1.5$\pm$1.4d, between A and C is 7.6$\pm$2.5d, between B and C is 8.2$\pm$2.0d. When applied to other lensed systems with measured time delays our new method gives comparable results.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, accepted in MNRA

Erratum: "A Gravitational-wave Measurement of the Hubble Constant Following the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo" (2021, ApJ, 909, 218)

[no abstract available

Multi-ancestry GWAS of the electrocardiographic PR interval identifies 202 loci underlying cardiac conduction

The electrocardiographic PR interval reflects atrioventricular conduction, and is associated with conduction abnormalities, pacemaker implantation, atrial fibrillation (AF), and cardiovascular mortality. Here we report a multi-ancestry (N = 293,051) genome-wide association meta-analysis for the PR interval, discovering 202 loci of which 141 have not previously been reported. Variants at identified loci increase the percentage of heritability explained, from 33.5% to 62.6%. We observe enrichment for cardiac muscle developmental/contractile and cytoskeletal genes, highlighting key regulation processes for atrioventricular conduction. Additionally, 8 loci not previously reported harbor genes underlying inherited arrhythmic syndromes and/or cardiomyopathies suggesting a role for these genes in cardiovascular pathology in the general population. We show that polygenic predisposition to PR interval duration is an endophenotype for cardiovascular disease, including distal conduction disease, AF, and atrioventricular pre-excitation. These findings advance our understanding of the polygenic basis of cardiac conduction, and the genetic relationship between PR interval duration and cardiovascular disease

GW190814: gravitational waves from the coalescence of a 23 solar mass black hole with a 2.6 solar mass compact object

We report the observation of a compact binary coalescence involving a 22.2–24.3 Me black hole and a compact object with a mass of 2.50–2.67 Me (all measurements quoted at the 90% credible level). The gravitational-wave signal, GW190814, was observed during LIGO’s and Virgo’s third observing run on 2019 August 14 at 21:10:39 UTC and has a signal-to-noise ratio of 25 in the three-detector network. The source was localized to 18.5 deg2 at a distance of - + 241 45 41 Mpc; no electromagnetic counterpart has been confirmed to date. The source has the most unequal mass ratio yet measured with gravitational waves, - + 0.112 0.009 0.008, and its secondary component is either the lightest black hole or the heaviest neutron star ever discovered in a double compact-object system. The dimensionless spin of the primary black hole is tightly constrained to �0.07. Tests of general relativity reveal no measurable deviations from the theory, and its prediction of higher-multipole emission is confirmed at high confidence. We estimate a merger rate density of 1–23 Gpc−3 yr−1 for the new class of binary coalescence sources that GW190814 represents. Astrophysical models predict that binaries with mass ratios similar to this event can form through several channels, but are unlikely to have formed in globular clusters. However, the combination of mass ratio, component masses, and the inferred merger rate for this event challenges all current models of the formation and mass distribution of compact-object binaries

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease