5 research outputs found
AS (IM) POSSIBILIDADES NO MERCADO DE TRABALHO BRASILEIRO AOS REFUGIADOS
RESUMO: As transformaçÔes societĂĄrias tem promovido uma sociedade de mercado que obriga centenas de milhares de pessoas a viver a realidade migratĂłria, em especial, com caracterĂsticas de refugiado. Essa reflexĂŁo teĂłrica - bibliogrĂĄfica buscarĂĄ refletir sobre como ocorre a inserção desses refugiados (migrantes em situação de guerras religiosas, Ă©tnicas e polĂticas) no mercado de trabalho no Brasil. PropĂ”e-se realizar reflexĂ”es, bem como contextualizaçÔes sobre a representatividade dos refugiados na sociedade brasileira. Concluiu-se que estes sujeitos sĂŁo funcionais ao sistema, na medida em que grande parte passam a se inserir na informalidade, reforçando a precariedade das relaçÔes e condiçÔes de trabalho estabelecidas
REFUGIADOS E POLĂTICAS SOCIAIS: dilemas e realidades no sĂ©culo XXI
RESUMO: Este trabalho realiza um resgate histĂłrico do avanço nas legislaçÔes acerca dos refugiados, destacando a convenção de Genebra 1951 - relativa ao Estatuto dos Refugiados, o Protocolo de Nova Iorque (1967), a Declaração de Cartagena, 1984, e a Lei Brasileira de 1997 (Lei Federal no. 9.474/97). Em seguida realizam-se problematizaçÔes acerca das condiçÔes de vida e do acesso ĂĄs polĂticas sociais aos refugiados. SerĂŁo elencadas polĂticas vinculadas ao acesso Ă moradia, assistĂȘncia social, educação e trabalho. Com base no estudo identificou-se que as expressĂ”es da questĂŁo social permeiam a vida destes sujeitos e que as polĂticas sociais sĂŁo uma das principais formas de subsistĂȘncia e formação aos refugiados
Prophylactic evaluation of verubecestat on disease- and symptom-modifying effects in 5XFAD mice.
Introduction: Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Beta-secretase (BACE) inhibitors have been proposed as potential therapeutic interventions; however, initiating treatment once disease has significantly progressed has failed to effectively stop or treat disease. Whether BACE inhibition may have efficacy when administered prophylactically in the early stages of AD has been under-investigated. The present studies aimed to evaluate prophylactic treatment of the BACE inhibitor verubecestat in an AD mouse model using the National Institute on Aging (NIA) resources of the Model Organism Development for Late-Onset Alzheimer\u27s Disease (MODEL-AD) Preclinical Testing Core (PTC) Drug Screening Pipeline.
Methods: 5XFAD mice were administered verubecestat ad libitum in chow from 3 to 6 months of age, prior to the onset of significant disease pathology. Following treatment (6 months of age), in vivo imaging was conducted with 18F-florbetapir (AV-45/Amyvid) (18F-AV45) and 18-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose)-PET (positron emission tomography)/MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), brain and plasma amyloid beta (AÎČ) were measured, and the clinical and behavioral characteristics of the mice were assessed and correlated with the pharmacokinetic data.
Results: Prophylactic verubecestat treatment resulted in dose- and region-dependent attenuations of 18F-AV45 uptake in male and female 5XFAD mice. Plasma AÎČ40 and AÎČ42 were also dose-dependently attenuated with treatment. Across the dose range evaluated, side effects including coat color changes and motor alterations were reported, in the absence of cognitive improvement or changes in 18F-FDG uptake.
Discussion: Prophylactic treatment with verubecestat resulted in attenuated amyloid plaque deposition when treatment was initiated prior to significant pathology in 5XFAD mice. At the same dose range effective at attenuating AÎČ levels, verubecestat produced side effects in the absence of improvements in cognitive function. Taken together these data demonstrate the rigorous translational approaches of the MODEL-AD PTC for interrogating potential therapeutics and provide insight into the limitations of verubecestat as a prophylactic intervention for early-stage AD
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and transcriptomic analysis of chronic levetiracetam treatment in 5XFAD mice: A MODELâAD preclinical testing core study
Abstract Introduction Hyperexcitability and epileptiform activity are commonplace in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and associated with impaired cognitive function. The antiâseizure drug levetiracetam (LEV) is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for ability to reduce epileptiform activity and improve cognitive function in AD. The purpose of our studies was to establish a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship with LEV in an amyloidogenic mouse model of AD to enable predictive preclinical to clinical translation, using the rigorous preclinical testing pipeline of the Model Organism Development and Evaluation for LateâOnset Alzheimer's Disease Preclinical Testing Core. Methods A multiâtier approach was applied that included quality assurance and quality control of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, PK/PD modeling, positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), functional outcomes, and transcriptomics. 5XFAD mice were treated chronically with LEV for 3 months at doses in line with those allometrically scaled to the clinical dose range. Results Pharmacokinetics of LEV demonstrated sex differences in Cmax, AUC0ââ, and CL/F, and a dose dependence in AUC0ââ. After chronic dosing at 10, 30, 56Â mg/kg, PET/MRI tracer 18FâAV45, and 18Fâfluorodeoxyglucose (18FâFDG) showed specific regional differences with treatment. LEV did not significantly improve cognitive outcomes. Transcriptomics performed by nanoString demonstrated drugâ and doseârelated changes in gene expression relevant to human brain regions and pathways congruent with changes in 18FâFDG uptake. Discussion This study represents the first report of PK/PD assessment of LEV in 5XFAD mice. Overall, these results highlighted nonâlinear kinetics based on dose and sex. Plasma concentrations of the 10Â mg/kg dose in 5XFAD overlapped with human plasma concentrations used for studies of mild cognitive impairment, while the 30 and 56Â mg/kg doses were reflective of doses used to treat seizure activity. Postâtreatment gene expression analysis demonstrated LEV doseârelated changes in immune function and neuronalâsignaling pathways relevant to human AD, and aligned with regional 18FâFDG uptake. Overall, this study highlights the importance of PK/PD relationships in preclinical studies to inform clinical study design. Highlights Significant sex differences in pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam were observed in 5XFAD mice. Plasma concentrations of 10 mg/kg levetiracetam dose in 5XFAD overlapped with human plasma concentration used in the clinic. Drugâ and doseârelated differences in gene expression relevant to human brain regions and pathways were also similar to brain regionâspecific changes in 18Fâfluorodeoxyglucose uptake
Prophylactic evaluation of verubecestat on diseaseâ and symptomâmodifying effects in 5XFAD mice
Abstract Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Betaâsecretase (BACE) inhibitors have been proposed as potential therapeutic interventions; however, initiating treatment once disease has significantly progressed has failed to effectively stop or treat disease. Whether BACE inhibition may have efficacy when administered prophylactically in the early stages of AD has been underâinvestigated. The present studies aimed to evaluate prophylactic treatment of the BACE inhibitor verubecestat in an AD mouse model using the National Institute on Aging (NIA) resources of the Model Organism Development for LateâOnset Alzheimer's Disease (MODELâAD) Preclinical Testing Core (PTC) Drug Screening Pipeline. Methods 5XFAD mice were administered verubecestat ad libitum in chow from 3 to 6 months of age, prior to the onset of significant disease pathology. Following treatment (6 months of age), in vivo imaging was conducted with 18Fâflorbetapir (AVâ45/Amyvid) (18FâAV45) and 18âFDG (fluorodeoxyglucose)âPET (positron emission tomography)/MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), brain and plasma amyloid beta (AÎČ) were measured, and the clinical and behavioral characteristics of the mice were assessed and correlated with the pharmacokinetic data. Results Prophylactic verubecestat treatment resulted in doseâ and regionâdependent attenuations of 18FâAV45 uptake in male and female 5XFAD mice. Plasma AÎČ40 and AÎČ42 were also doseâdependently attenuated with treatment. Across the dose range evaluated, side effects including coat color changes and motor alterations were reported, in the absence of cognitive improvement or changes in 18FâFDG uptake. Discussion Prophylactic treatment with verubecestat resulted in attenuated amyloid plaque deposition when treatment was initiated prior to significant pathology in 5XFAD mice. At the same dose range effective at attenuating AÎČ levels, verubecestat produced side effects in the absence of improvements in cognitive function. Taken together these data demonstrate the rigorous translational approaches of the MODELâAD PTC for interrogating potential therapeutics and provide insight into the limitations of verubecestat as a prophylactic intervention for earlyâstage AD