Aluminium content of spanish infant formula

Aluminium toxicity has been relatively well documented in infants with impaired renal function and premature neonates. The aims of this study were to analyse the concentration of aluminium in the majority of infant formulae sold commercially in Spain, to determine the influence of aluminium content in the tap water in reconstituted powder formulae and to estimate the theoretical toxic aluminium intake in comparison with the PTWI, and lastly, to discuss the possible interactions of certain essential trace elements added to formulation with aluminium according to type or main protein based infant formula. A total of 82 different infant formulae from 9 different manufacturers were studied. Sample digestion was simulated in a closed acid-decomposition microwave system. Aluminium concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with graphite furnace. In general, the infant formulae studied provide an aluminium level higher than that found in human milk, especially in the case of soya, preterm or hydrolysed casein-based formulae. Standard formulae provide lower aluminium intakes amounting to about 4 % PTWI. Specialised and preterm formulae result in moderate intake (11 – 12 % and 8 – 10 % PTWI, respectively). Soya formulae contribute the highest intake (15 % PTWI). Aluminium exposure from drinking water used for powder formula reconstitution is not considered a clear potential risk. In accordance with the present state of knowledge about aluminium toxicity, it seems prudent to call for continued efforts to standardise routine quality control and reduce aluminium levels in infant formula as well as to keep the aluminium concentration under 300 g l-1 for all infant formulae, most specifically those formulae for premature and low birth neonates

Determination of bisphenol a diglycidyl ether content in foods from lacquered cans

Canned foods are increasingly used in food packaging. Packaging serves mainly to preserve, inform and sell foodstuffs. In order to avoid migration issues of chemical compounds from tin cans to foods, covering internal surface of the tin cans with epoxyphenolic and organosol resins is widespread. However, monomers like Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), number among the constituents of these resins capable of migrating to foods. This chemical compound (BADGE) is highly toxic not only for the immune, reproductive and hepatic systems but also for biomolecules such as DNA, nucleic acids, proteins, and hormones. Simulation tests of migration can be used to assess the significance of BADGE migration. For this study, the migration and degradation tests were realized with metallic sheets and cans lacquered with epoxyphenolic or organosol resins. BADGE concentrations were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using a Hewlett Packard HPLC chromatograph 1050 serial equipped with an injection valve of 50 μL, a Hewlett Packard spectrophotometric UV detector serial 1050 and a Hewlett Packard integrator serial 3396. BADGE detections were made at 275 nm and compounds were separated on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (Merck, 250 x 4 mm I.D., 5 μm) column protected by a guard LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (Merk, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol, water, and dichloromethane (CH3OH-H2O-CH2Cl2) according to 50%-20%-30% proportion of solvents and the flow was 1 mL.min-1. The content in BADGE ranged from 3 to 37 μg.L-1. These concentrations were only slightly influenced by the storage conditions (duration and temperature). The highest concentrations were found in distilled water from cans analyzed just after sterilization and the lowest concentrations in distilled water from cans stored at least one day before analyses. BADGE degradation tests in aqueous environment provided an explanation to the lowest concentrations of BADGE in lacquered cans. Finally, the number of sterilization also proved to be critically important for the reduction of BADGE content in cans

Determination Of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether Content In Foods From Lacquered Cans

Canned foods are increasingly used in food packaging. Packaging serves mainly to preserve, inform and sell foodstuffs. In order to avoid migration issues of chemical compounds from tin cans to foods, covering internal surface of the tin cans with epoxyphenolic and organosol resins is widespread. However, monomers like Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), number among the constituents of these resins capable of migrating to foods. This chemical compound (BADGE) is highly toxic not only for the immune, reproductive and hepatic systems but also for biomolecules such as DNA, nucleic acids, proteins, and hormones. Simulation tests of migration can be used to assess the significance of BADGE migration. For this study, the migration and degradation tests were realized with metallic sheets and cans lacquered with epoxyphenolic or organosol resins. BADGE concentrations were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using a Hewlett Packard HPLC chromatograph 1050 serial equipped with an injection valve of 50 μL, a Hewlett Packard spectrophotometric UV detector serial 1050 and a Hewlett Packard integrator serial 3396. BADGE detections were made at 275 nm and compounds were separated on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (Merck, 250 x 4 mm I.D., 5 μm) column protected by a guard LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (Merk, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol, water, and dichloromethane (CH3OH-H2O-CH2Cl2) according to 50%-20%-30% proportion of solvents and the flow was 1 mL.min-1. The content in BADGE ranged from 3 to 37 μg.L-1. These concentrations were only slightly influenced by the storage conditions (duration and temperature). The highest concentrations were found in distilled water from cans analyzed just after sterilization and the lowest concentrations in distilled water from cans stored at least one day before analyses. BADGE degradation tests in aqueous environment provided an explanation to the lowest concentrations of BADGE in lacquered cans. Finally, the number of sterilization also proved to be critically important for the reduction of BADGE content in cans

Physicochemical Quality of Kernels from Terminalia catappa L. and Sensory Evaluation of the Concocted Kernels

This study focused on the physicochemical characterization of the kernels from Terminalia catappa L. and sensory evaluation of appetizers concocted from these kernels. The results of the physicochemical analyzes were as follow: ash (4.0±0.1%), proteins (40.9±1.3%), lipids (50.6±1.0%), total sugars (1.4±0.1%), reducing sugars (0.3±0.01%) and moisture content (3.8±0.4%). Acid and peroxide values were respectively 1.3±0.2% and 6.30±0.23 meq O2/kg oil. Two appetizers were concocted from the fresh kernels of Terminalia catappa L: Salted Roasted Kernels (SRK) and Unsalted Roasted Kernels (URK). A comparison of sensory profiles of both appetizers showed that they were not significantly different (p<5%) for the parameters sweet and oily but different (p<5%) for the parameters salty, bitter and firm. However, the tasters’ preference for the Salted Roasted Kernels was not significantly different from their preference for the Unsalted Roasted Kernels. The appetizers from Terminalia catappa L. (SRK and URK) were then compared to other appetizers readily available in markets and malls: Salted Roasted Peanuts (SRP), Unsalted Roasted Peanuts (URP), Unsalted Roasted Hazelnuts (URH) and Salted Roasted Cashew nuts (SRC). The preference order was: URH<URK<SRK<URP<SRC<SRP

Assessment Of Organochlorine Pesticides Residues In Fish Sold In Abidjan Markets And Fishing Sites

This study aimed to investigate the organochlorine pesticide residues in fish sold in markets and fishing sites in Abidjan, Côte d&apos;Ivoire. Pesticides are not only used in agriculture but also in public health for the prevention of malaria. However, pesticide residues may be found in foodstuffs. Contamination of foods by pesticides can give rise to carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. Pesticides are also accountable for toxic effects on the nervous, immune, reproductive, renal, hepatic and hematopoietic systems. For the present study, one hundred fish specimens representing five fish species collected from markets and fishing sites were analyzed. Analyses were performed with the help of a Gas Chromatograph (GC), brand Agilent Instruments 6890N equipped with two micro-electrons capture detectors (μECD), two Zebron capillary columns (ZB-5MS and ZB-1701P; 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm), an automatic injector and monitored by a microcomputer equipped with the ChemStation plus software version 2002. The injection was done in Splitless mode and Nitrogen N50 was used as vector gas. Of the 16 organochlorine pesticides considered in this study, 11 were present in the samples analyzed, at various concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 14.4 μg.kg-1 of fresh product. Samples were mostly contaminated by Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroethane (DDD). The catfish, with a total average concentration (27.2 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) was the most contaminated species. Heads (27.8 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) and viscera (17.5 μg.kg-1 of fresh product) were, respectively the most contaminated parts of the fish species analyzed. The fishing port of Vridi was the most contaminated site. The species collected on this site presented a total average concentration of 24.4 μg.kg-1 of fresh product. The comparison of total concentration mean of organochlorine pesticides in species collected, with the maximum residue limits (MRL) set for the fishery products, suggests that health risks faced by populations in Abidjan through fish consumption are currently low

Validation of a Method for the Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish

International audienceThis study aimed to meet the need for a reliable method for the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish. To this end, the standard NFV03-110 was used to validate internally a method for the determination of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), fluoranthene (F), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IcdP) in samples of fresh and smoked fish. This study was conducted in accordance with the specific requirements of the standard ISO/DIS/15753 applicable to the High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Pearson coefficients for the six PAHs ranged from 0.998 to 0.999. The limits of detection were between 0.04 µg/kg for benzo(g,h,i)perylene and 0.15 µg/kg for benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene. The limits of quantification varied between 0.1 µg/kg for benzo(g,h,i)perylene and 0.15 µg/kg for benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene. The coefficients of variation for the repeatability and reproducibility tests were less than 4% for standards at 2.5 µg/L and 5 µg/L. The recovery percentages for the tests of adequacy were close to 100%. Moreover, the compliance test revealed no significant differences between PAHs concentrations and the certified values. As a result, the method used to determine PAHs concentrations is valid. This method was then used to quantify PAHs concentrations in samples of fresh and smoked fish intended for human consumption. The concentrations measured varied from one molecule to another and according to the physiological status of the fish

Influence of Fishing Technique on Organochlorine Pesticide Accumulation in Fish and its Possible Human Health Risk in the Republic of Bénin

In Bénin different techniques are used for large-scale commercial fishing, Acadjas (enclosures constructed in the river) and Whédos (holes made in the river banks). This study aimed at assessing the extent of contamination related to these fishing techniques. Fish contained residues of DDT and its metabolites, α-endosulfan, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin and lindane. Pesticide levels were similar in fish from Acadjas and Whédos, except for higher α-endosulfan levels in fish from the Whédos. Comparing pesticide intake levels through fish consumption with tolerable daily intake levels showed that in all cases risk for human health is low. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York