Rapidity-dependent chemical potentials in a statistical approach

We present a single-freeze-out model with thermal and geometric parameters dependent on the position within the fireball and use it to describe the rapidity and transverse-momentum spectra of pions, kaons, protons, and antiprotons measured at RHIC at 200 GeV} by BRAHMS. THERMINATOR is used to perform the necessary simulation, which includes all resonance decays. The result of the fit to the data is the expected growth of the baryon and strange chemical potentials with the spatial rapidity\alpha_\parallel. The value of the baryon chemical potential at \alpha_\parallel ~ 3 is about 200 MeV, i.e. lies in the range of the highest SPS energies. The chosen geometry of the fireball has a decreasing transverse size as the magnitude of \alpha_\parallel is increased, which also corresponds to decreasing transverse flow. The strange chemical potential obtained from the fit to the K+/K- ratio is such that the local strangeness density in the fireball is compatible with zero. The resulting rapidity spectra of net protons are described qualitatively within the statistical approach. As a result of our study, the knowledge of the ``topography'' of the fireball is acquired, allowing for other analyses and predictions.Comment: 6 pages, tals at SQM 200

Stereokompleksowanie polilaktydów zawierających ciecze jonowe jako grupy końcowe

Linear and cyclic oligomers of epichlorohydrin were synthesized and converted by reaction with N-methylimidazole into linear or cyclic derivatives fitted with imidazolium ionic liquid groups. These oligomers containing hydroxyl groups were used as macroinitiators of cationic polymerization of L- and D-lactide. Two types of products were obtained: linear polylactides (PLA's) containing a few ionic liquid groups at the chain end and star PLA's containing a few ionic liquid groups at the core. The enantiomeric forms of PLA, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) were used for stereocomplexation studies following earlier observation that if PLLA and PDLA containing one imidazolium ionic liquid group at the chain end are mixed in 1,4-dioxane solution, stereocomplex precipitates spontaneously in form of uniform microspheres. In a present contribution it is shown that if more than one ionic liquid group is introduced at the chain ends of PLLA and PDLA, morphology of precipitated stereocomplex is similar to that observed for PLA's fitted with one ionic liquid group but microspheres are slightly less regular. When few ionic liquid groups are present at the core of star PLLA no specific morphology is observed for precipitating stereocomplex with linear PDLA fitted with C4H9O- group. Only when end-groups able to interacting with each other are introduced, specific morphology appears. With ionic liquid end-groups in linear component, stereocomplex precipitates in form of irregular granules while with strongly interacting ureidopirymidine end-groups, microspheres, although not very regular, are formed. These results indicate that well defined morphology (regular spherical particles) is observed when interacting groups are present at the freely moving chain ends but not, when the same groups are embedded and immobilized at the core of star polymers and through it probably are hidden inside polymer random coil.Otrzymano liniowe i cykliczne oligomery epichlorohydryny, następnie grupy chlorometylowe przekształcono – w reakcji z N-metyloimidazolem – w imidazoliowe, analogiczne do grup występujących w cieczach jonowych. Oligomery zawierające grupy hydroksylowe zastosowano jako makroinicjatory kationowej polimeryzacji L- i D-laktydu, w wyniku której uzyskano dwa rodzaje produktów: liniowe polimery laktydu (PLA) z udziałem kilku grup cieczy jonowej na jednym zkońców łańcucha oraz gwiaździste polimery laktydu zawierające kilka grup cieczy jonowej w centrum gwiaździstej makrocząsteczki. Enancjomeryczne formy PLA: poli(L-laktyd) (PLLA) i poli(D-laktyd) (PDLA) zastosowano do wytworzenia stereokompleksów. Wykazano, że jeśli na końcu łańcucha znajduje się więcej niż jedna grupa cieczy jonowej, morfologia wytrącającego się stereokompleksu jest zbliżona do morfologii obserwowanej w wypadku obecności tylko jednej grupy cieczy jonowej, ale mikrosfery są mniej jednorodne. Wyniki wskazują, że regularne mikrosfery powstają jeśli grupy zdolne do wzajemnych oddziaływań znajdują się na końcach liniowych makrocząsteczek, nie powstają natomiast wtedy, gdy grupy te znajdują się w centrum gwiaździstej makrocząsteczki i są otoczone jej ramionami

Stereocomplexation of polylactides containing ionic liquid end-groups

Linear and cyclic oligomers of epichlorohydrin were synthesized and converted by reaction with N-methylimidazole into linear or cyclic derivatives fitted with imidazolium ionic liquid groups. These oligomers containing hydroxyl groups were used as macroinitiators of cationic polymerization of L- and D-lactide. Two types of products were obtained: linear polylactides (PLA's) containing a few ionic liquid groups at the chain end and star PLA's containing a few ionic liquid groups at the core. The enantiomeric forms of PLA, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) were used for stereocomplexation studies following earlier observation that if PLLA and PDLA containing one imidazolium ionic liquid group at the chain end are mixed in 1,4-dioxane solution, stereocomplex precipitates spontaneously in form of uniform microspheres. In a present contribution it is shown that if more than one ionic liquid group is introduced at the chain ends of PLLA and PDLA, morphology of precipitated stereocomplex is similar to that observed for PLA's fitted with one ionic liquid group but microspheres are slightly less regular. When few ionic liquid groups are present at the core of star PLLA no specific morphology is observed for precipitating stereocomplex with linear PDLA fitted with C4H9O- group. Only when end-groups able to interacting with each other are introduced, specific morphology appears. With ionic liquid end-groups in linear component, stereocomplex precipitates in form of irregular granules while with strongly interacting ureidopirymidine end-groups, microspheres, although not very regular, are formed. These results indicate that well defined morphology (regular spherical particles) is observed when interacting groups are present at the freely moving chain ends but not, when the same groups are embedded and immobilized at the core of star polymers and through it probably are hidden inside polymer random coil.Otrzymano liniowe i cykliczne oligomery epichlorohydryny, następnie grupy chlorometylowe przekształcono – w reakcji z N-metyloimidazolem – w imidazoliowe, analogiczne do grup występujących w cieczach jonowych. Oligomery zawierające grupy hydroksylowe zastosowano jako makroinicjatory kationowej polimeryzacji L- i D-laktydu, w wyniku której uzyskano dwa rodzaje produktów: liniowe polimery laktydu (PLA) z udziałem kilku grup cieczy jonowej na jednym zkońców łańcucha oraz gwiaździste polimery laktydu zawierające kilka grup cieczy jonowej w centrum gwiaździstej makrocząsteczki. Enancjomeryczne formy PLA: poli(L-laktyd) (PLLA) i poli(D-laktyd) (PDLA) zastosowano do wytworzenia stereokompleksów. Wykazano, że jeśli na końcu łańcucha znajduje się więcej niż jedna grupa cieczy jonowej, morfologia wytrącającego się stereokompleksu jest zbliżona do morfologii obserwowanej w wypadku obecności tylko jednej grupy cieczy jonowej, ale mikrosfery są mniej jednorodne. Wyniki wskazują, że regularne mikrosfery powstają jeśli grupy zdolne do wzajemnych oddziaływań znajdują się na końcach liniowych makrocząsteczek, nie powstają natomiast wtedy, gdy grupy te znajdują się w centrum gwiaździstej makrocząsteczki i są otoczone jej ramionami

Exploring learner autonomy: language learning locus of control in multilinguals

By using data from an online language learning beliefs survey (n = 841), defining language learning experience in terms of participants’ multilingualism, and using a domain-specific language learning locus of control (LLLOC) instrument, this article examines whether more experienced language learners can also be seen as more autonomous language learners. Statistical analyses revealed small but significant positive correlations between the three multilingualism measures used and LLLOC scores, with higher scores indicating a more internal LLLOC. Participants with a higher linguistic repertoire size and overall language proficiency, who used their languages more frequently, had higher LLLOC scores than those with less languages at lower levels of proficiency and frequency of use. These findings suggest that more experienced language learners might indeed be more autonomous learners, as they subscribe to language learning beliefs that are indicative of a more internal LLLOC