2 research outputs found
Design and Implementation of a 154-kV +/- 50-Mvar Transmission STATCOM Based on 21-Level Cascaded Multilevel Converter
In this research work, the design and implementation of a 154-kV +/- 50-Mvar transmission static synchronous compensator (T-STATCOM) have been carried out primarily for the purposes of reactive power compensation and terminal voltage regulation and secondarily for power system stability. The implemented T-STATCOM consists of five 10.5-kV +/- 12-Mvar cascaded multilevel converter (CMC) modules operating in parallel. The power stage of each CMC is composed of five series-connected H-bridges (HBs) in each phase, thus resulting in 21-level line-to-line voltages. Due to modularity and flexibility of implemented HBs, each CMC module has reached a power density of 250 kvar/m(3), thus making the mobility of the system implementable. DC-link capacitor voltages of HBs are perfectly balanced by means of the modified selective swapping algorithm proposed. The field tests carried out at full load in the 154-kV transformer substation where T-STATCOM is installed have shown that the steady-state and transient responses of the system are quite satisfactory
Rare Causes of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Genetic and Clinical Characterization of a Large Nationwide Cohort
Context: Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a life-threatening
condition that is often due to monogenic causes in children. Although
congenital adrenal hyperplasia occurs commonly, several other important
molecular causes have been reported, often with overlapping clinical and
biochemical features. The relative prevalence of these conditions is not
known, but making a specific diagnosis can have important implications
for management.
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical
and molecular genetic characteristics of a nationwide cohort of children
with PAI of unknown etiology.
Design: A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate clinical,
biochemical, and imaging data. Genetic analysis was performed using
Haloplex capture and next-generation sequencing. Patients with
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenoleukodystrophy, autoimmune adrenal
insufficiency, or obvious syndromic PAI were excluded.
Setting: The study was conducted in 19 tertiary pediatric endocrinology
clinics.
Patients: Ninety-five children (48 females, aged 0-18 y, eight familial)
with PAI of unknown etiology participated in the study.
Results: A genetic diagnosis was obtained in 77 patients (81\%). The
range of etiologies was as follows: MC2R (n = 25), NR0B1 (n = 12), STAR
(n = 11), CYP11A1 (n = 9), MRAP (n = 9), NNT (n = 7), ABCD1 (n = 2),
NR5A1 (n = 1), and AAAS (n = 1). Recurrent mutations occurred in several
genes, such as c.560delT in MC2R, p.R451W in CYP11A1, and c. IVS3ds +
1delG in MRAP. Several important clinical and molecular insights
emerged.
Conclusion: This is the largest nationwide study of the molecular
genetics of childhood PAI undertaken. Achieving a molecular diagnosis in
more than 80\% of children has important translational impact for
counseling families, presymptomatic diagnosis, personalized treatment
(eg, mineralocorticoid replacement), predicting comorbidities (eg,
neurological, puberty/fertility), and targeting clinical genetic testing
in the future