3,835 research outputs found
Can Natural Attenuation be Considered as an Effective Solution for Soil Remediation?
Natural attenuation is described as a naturally occurring process, mostly in soils and also in groundwater, without human intervention, which transforms, reduces and destroys the organic and inorganic contaminants. As an eco-friendly, cost-effective and relatively simple technology, natural attenuation is widely used for the treatment of contaminated soils. However, the application of this technology must be carefully controlled and monitored not only for its efficiency and durability over time, but also for the migration of contaminants to ensure no risk to human health and ecosystems. Furthermore, the success of this technique requires a good knowledge of the type of contaminants, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soils, as well as the living actors, including plants, fauna, microorganisms and their interactions, that live in the soils to be treated and that will be involved in this process. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the most recent information regarding the principle of this technology, the role of the living actors and the interactions between plant, fauna and microorganisms, the advantages and disadvantages, and finally to discuss the efficiency of this technique in comparison with other techniques such as phytoremediation or bioremediation. In fine, we will discuss its social acceptability
Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution for Decontamination of Polluted Urban Soils
Urbanization and industrialization are the main causes of increasing contaminated soils in cities all around the world. This leads to numerous abandoned lands, reduction in biodiversity, and thereby posing a serious health risk for urban inhabitants. The development of effective and ecological remediation approaches is necessary. Phytoremediation is well known as an ecological solution with good acceptation for remediation of contaminated soils. Since, urban soils are particularly characterized by their highly disturbed, heterogeneous and low fertility, the application of phytoremediation to rehabilitate contaminated soils in urban areas is until now very limited at the laboratory scale and even less at the field scale. In this context, we have to take into account all these parameters and precautions when itâs application. The main objective of this chapter is to discuss how to take phytoremediation approaches from a proven technology to an accepted practice in an urban context. An overview of urban soil types is provided following phytoremediationâs application for urban soils with the focus on inorganic and organic pollutants, to provide a frame of reference for the subsequent discussion on better utilization of phytoremediation. At last, we offer suggestion on how to gain greater acceptance for phytoremediation by urban inhabitants
Iron force constants of bridgmanite at high pressure: Implications for iron isotope fractionation in the deep mantle
The isotopic compositions of iron in major mantle minerals may record chemical exchange between deep-Earth reservoirs as a result of early differentiation and ongoing plate tectonics processes. Bridgmanite (Bdg), the most abundant mineral in the Earthâs lower mantle, can incorporate not only Al but also Fe with different oxidation states and spin states, which in turn can influence the distribution of Fe isotopes between Bdg and ferropericlase (Fp) and between the lower mantle and the core. In this study, we combined first-principles calculations with high-pressure nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering measurements to evaluate the effects of Fe site occupancy, valence, and spin states at lower-mantle conditions on the reduced Fe partition function ratio (β-factor) of Bdg. Our results show that the spin transition of octahedral-site (B-site) Fe3+ in Bdg under mid-lower-mantle conditions generates a +0.09â° increase in its β-factor, which is the most significant effect compared to Fe site occupancy and valence. Fe2+-bearing Bdg varieties have smaller β-factors relative to Fe3+-bearing varieties, especially those containing B-site Fe3+. Our models suggest that Fe isotopic fractionation between Bdg and Fp is only significant in the lowermost mantle due to the occurrence of low-spin Fe2+ in Fp. Assuming early segregation of an iron core from a deep magma ocean, we find that neither core formation nor magma ocean crystallization would have resulted in resolvable Fe isotope fractionation. In contrast, Fe isotopic fractionation between low-spin Fe3+-bearing Bdg/Fe2+-bearing Fp and metallic iron at the core-mantle boundary may have enriched the lowermost mantle in heavy Fe isotopes by up to +0.20â°
Performance of Monolayer Graphene Nanomechanical Resonators with Electrical Readout
The enormous stiffness and low density of graphene make it an ideal material
for nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) applications. We demonstrate fabrication and
electrical readout of monolayer graphene resonators, and test their response to
changes in mass and temperature. The devices show resonances in the MHz range.
The strong dependence of the resonant frequency on applied gate voltage can be
fit to a membrane model, which yields the mass density and built-in strain.
Upon removal and addition of mass, we observe changes in both the density and
the strain, indicating that adsorbates impart tension to the graphene. Upon
cooling, the frequency increases; the shift rate can be used to measure the
unusual negative thermal expansion coefficient of graphene. The quality factor
increases with decreasing temperature, reaching ~10,000 at 5 K. By establishing
many of the basic attributes of monolayer graphene resonators, these studies
lay the groundwork for applications, including high-sensitivity mass detectors
Hen egg white bovine colostrum supplement reduces symptoms of mild/moderate COVID-19: a randomized control trial
Aim: The ability of a hen egg white bovine colostrum supplement to prevent severe COVID-19 was tested in a double-blind randomized control study. Methods: Adults with mild/moderate COVID-19, risk factors for severe disease, and within 5 days of symptom onset were assigned to the intervention (n = 77) or placebo (n = 79) arms. Symptoms were documented until day 42 post-enrollment and viral clearance was assessed at 11-13 days post-symptom onset. Results: One participant developed severe COVID-19. The severe-type symptom score was lower in the active arm at 11-13 days post-symptom onset (p = 0.049). Chest pain, fever/chills, joint pain/malaise, and sore throat were significantly less frequent in the active arm. No differences in viral clearance were observed. Conclusion: The intervention reduced symptoms of mild/moderate COVID-19
Photoemission "experiments" on holographic superconductors
We study the effects of a superconducting condensate on holographic Fermi
surfaces. With a suitable coupling between the fermion and the condensate,
there are stable quasiparticles with a gap. We find some similarities with the
phenomenology of the cuprates: in systems whose normal state is a non-Fermi
liquid with no stable quasiparticles, a stable quasiparticle peak appears in
the condensed phase.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures; v2: typos corrected and some clarification
adde
Medical treatment of renal cancer: new horizons.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) makes up 2-3% of adult cancers. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in the mid-2000s radically changed the management of RCC. These targeted treatments superseded immunotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon. The pendulum now appears to be shifting back towards immunotherapy, with the evidence of prolonged overall survival of patients with metastatic RCC on treatment with the anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand monoclonal antibody, nivolumab. Clinical prognostic criteria aid prediction of relapse risk for resected localised disease. Unfortunately, for patients at high risk of relapse, no adjuvant treatment has yet shown benefit, although further trials are yet to report. Clinical prognostic models also have a role in the management of advanced disease; now there is a pressing need for predictive biomarkers to direct therapy. Treatment selection for metastatic disease is currently based on histology, prognostic group and patient preference based on side effect profile. In this article, we review the current medical and surgical management of localised, oligometastatic and advanced RCC, including side effect management and the evidence base for management of poor-risk and non-clear cell disease. We discuss recent results from clinical trials and how these are likely to shape future practice and a renaissance of immunotherapy for renal cell cancer
Using PIV to measure granular temperature in saturated unsteady polydisperse granular flows
The motion of debris flows, gravity-driven fast
moving mixtures of rock, soil and water can be interpreted
using the theories developed to describe the shearing motion
of highly concentrated granular fluid flows. Frictional, collisional
and viscous stress transfer between particles and
fluid characterizes the mechanics of debris flows. To quantify
the influence of collisional stress transfer, kinetic models
have been proposed. Collisions among particles result in random
fluctuations in their velocity that can be represented by
their granular temperature, T. In this paper particle image
velocimetry, PIV, is used to measure the instantaneous velocity
field found internally to a physical model of an unsteady
debris flow created by using âtransparent soilââi.e. a mixture
of graded glass particles and a refractively matched fluid.
The ensemble possesses bulk properties similar to that of
real soil-pore fluid mixtures, but has the advantage of giving
optical access to the interior of the flow by use of plane laser
induced fluorescence, PLIF. The relationship between PIV
patch size and particle size distribution for the front and tail
of the flows is examined in order to assess their influences
on the measured granular temperature of the system. We find
that while PIV can be used to ascertain values of granular
temperature in dense granular flows, due to increasing spatial
correlation with widening gradation, a technique proposed to
infer the true granular temperature may be limited to flows
of relatively uniform particle size or large bulk
Observation of CR Anisotropy with ARGO-YBJ
The measurement of the anisotropies of cosmic ray arrival direction provides
important informations on the propagation mechanisms and on the identification
of their sources. In this paper we report the observation of anisotropy regions
at different angular scales. In particular, the observation of a possible
anisotropy on scales between 10 and 30
suggests the presence of unknown features of the magnetic fields the charged
cosmic rays propagate through, as well as potential contributions of nearby
sources to the total flux of cosmic rays. Evidence of new weaker few-degree
excesses throughout the sky region R.A. is
reported for the first time.Comment: Talk given at 12th TAUP Conference 2011, 5-9 September 2011, Munich,
German
Assessing circadian rhythms in propofol PK and PD during prolonged infusion in ICU patients
This study evaluates possible circadian rhythms during prolonged propofol infusion in patients in the intensive care unit. Eleven patients were sedated with a constant propofol infusion. The blood samples for the propofol assay were collected every hour during the second day, the third day, and after the termination of the propofol infusion. Values of electroencephalographic bispectral index (BIS), arterial blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation and body temperature were recorded every hour at the blood collection time points. A two-compartment model was used to describe propofol pharmacokinetics. Typical values of the central and peripheral volume of distribution and inter-compartmental clearance were VC = 27.7 l, VT = 801 l, and CLD = 2.73 l/min. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was found to influence the propofol metabolic clearance according to Cl (l/min) = 2.65¡(1 â 0.00714¡(SBP â 135)). There was no significant circadian rhythm detected with respect to propofol pharmacokinetics. The BIS score was assessed as a direct effect model with EC50 equal 1.98 mg/l. There was no significant circadian rhythm detected within the BIS scores. We concluded that the lightâdark cycle did not influence propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in intensive care units patients. The lack of nightâday differences was also noted for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and blood oxygenation. Circadian rhythms were detected for heart rate and body temperature, however they were severely disturbed from the pattern of healthy patients
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