The Effect of Family Attitudes and Preparation of High School Entrance Exam on Habitual Physical Activity in Children

AbstractPhysical activity level (PAL) is an important factor to promote and maintain a healthy lifestyle along the whole life cycle. The children and adolescent period is the critical time to acquire positive lifestyle habits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of both high school entrance exam (HSEE) and parental behaviors on habitual PAL of students during the preparation of this exam. Totally 319 Elementary School students (154 girls, 165 boys) between ages of 11-13 were selected randomly for this study. PAL of students were evaluated by using the Beacke Physical Activity Questionnaires. There were a no significant differences between attendance and non attendance to extra courses for HSEE in terms of word activity (WA), sport activity (SA), and leisure activity (LA) scores (p<.05) among the students. It was shown that regular physical activity attendance of mothers plaid a significant role in LA scores (p≤.03) among the students. However, WA, and SA scores of students were not affected from their mother's habitual activities (p<.05). On the other hand, there were significant differences in WA, and SA according to father's regular physical activity attendance (p≤.01).As a conclusion, parental habitual physical activity level played an important role in high score of student's LA. It is recommended to monitor and promote parental physical activity

The Effects of Two Different Stretching Programs on Balance Control and Motor Neuron Excitability

We examined the effects of training (4d/wk for 6 wks) with static stretching (SS) or contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on static balance time and motor neuron excitability. Static balance time, Hmax/Mmax ratios and H-reflex recovery curves (HRRC) were measured in 28 healthy subjects (SS: n=10, PNF: n=9, control: n=9) before and after training. SS improved static balance time with a trend observed for PNF. Post training, during 150-200-250 msec interstimulus intervals, we observed a reduction in facilitation, but during 500-700-900 msec interstimulus interval; there was an increase in H2/H1 ratio in the PNF group only. Both stretching techniques improved static balance. The Ia afferent inhibitions during the acute exercises were not found after the SS and PNF training programmes. It was concluded that training with contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation may cause some augmentation in supraspinal and postsynaptic inhibition on the motoneuron pool

Sporcularda erektor spinae kas yoğunluğunun işlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi ve yüzeysel elektromiyografi ile değerlendirilmesi

SPORCULARDA EREKTOR SPİNAE KAS YORGUNLUĞUNUN İŞLEVSEL YAKIN KIZILALTI SPEKTROSKOPİ VE YÜZEYSEL ELEKTROMİYOGRAFİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ÖZETKassal yorgunluk, kas kasılması yoluyla belirli bir gücün üretilmesinde ya da sürdürülmesinde ortaya çıkan yetersizlik olarak tanımlanır. Yorgunluk, sporcularda performansı etkileyen önemli etmenlerden birisidir. Bu nedenle de bu araştırmada “Sporcularda erektor spinae kas yorgunluğunun işlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi ve yüzeysel elektromiyografi ile değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Araştırmaya 22 sporcu (kürekçi=11, voleybolcu=11) ve 8 sedanter erkek gönüllü katıldı. Bireylerin erektor spinae kas yorgunluğunu değerlendirmek için modifiye Biering-Sorensen kassal dayanıklılık (BSKD) testi 10 dakika arayla iki kez uygulandı. İşlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi ve yüzeysel elektromiyogafi probları erektor spinae kasının L3 spinoz çıkıntısından merkeze 2.5 cm uzaklığa ve erektror spinae’nın her iki tarafına gelecek şekilde yan yana yerleştirildi. Ölçümler eşzamanlı alındı. Verilerin analizinde 3 yönlü karma varyans analizi (gruplar arası ve grup içi desen) kullanıldı. BSKD test süresi iki gruba göre de anlamlı şekilde en uzun olan grup kürekçilerdi (ort=274 sn). KOKK, OMF ve OCF yüzdelik değişim miktarları açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmadı. 1. ölçümde KOKK eğiminde (%/sn) düşüş gözlenirken 2.ölçümde artış gözlendi. Buna karşın OMF ve OCF eğimleri (%/sn) test boyunca doğrusal şekilde düşüş gösterdi. İşlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi sinyalinden elde edilen düğüm noktasına en geç ulaşan voleybolcular oldu. Aynı zamanda eğim1 açısından voleybolcular sedanterler göre daha düşük eğime sahipti. BSKD test süresince en büyük erim değerlerinin sedanter grupta olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak sporcuların yorgunluk değerlendirilmesinde YEMG ve İYKAS güvenilir ve kullanışlı bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Bu yolla elde edilecek verilerin sporcuların antrenmanlarına ve adaptasyonlarına ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: BSKD, Yorgunluk, İYKAS ve YEMG ASSESSMENT OF ERECTOR SPİNAE MUSCLE FATIGUE USING NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHY İN ATHLETESSUMMARYMuscle fatigue is defined as deficiency in the production of power or holding this level through muscle contraction. Fatigue is the most important factor defining performance in athletes. Because of this, assessment of erector spinae muscle fatigue in athletes using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Surface Electromyography" has been aimed in this research.22 athletes (11 rowers and 11 volleyball players) and 8 sedentary male voluntary people participated in the study. Two modified Biering-Sorenson muscle endurance (BSME) tests were applied with 10 minutes interval to evaluate the erector spinae muscle fatigue of people. Probe of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and electrodes of Surface Electromyography were placed next to each other on each side of erector spinae muscle, above 2.5 cm from the L3 center and measurements were simultaneous. 3-way mixed variance analysis (between the groups and within group pattern) was used in the data analysis.BSME test times of rowers were the longest statistically compared to the other two grups (mean 274 s.). There was no significant difference for RMS, MNF and MDF percentage changes between the groups. RMS slope decline was observed in the first test whereas increase was observed in the second test. MNF and MDF slopes (%/s.) were in linear decline throughout the test.Inflection point determined from Near Infrared Spectroscopy signal were the longest for volleyball players. At the same time, volleyball players have lower slope of m1 compared to sedentary people. The highest range values were noticed in the sedentary group during the BSME test.As a result, SEMG and NIRS provide reliable and useful information for assessment of fatigue in athletes. The data obtained in this way is thought to give insight into training of athletes and their adaptations. Key words: BSME, Fatigue, NIRS and SEM

Sporcularda erektor spinae kas yoğunluğunun işlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi ve yüzeysel elektromiyografi ile değerlendirilmesi

SPORCULARDA EREKTOR SPİNAE KAS YORGUNLUĞUNUN İŞLEVSEL YAKIN KIZILALTI SPEKTROSKOPİ VE YÜZEYSEL ELEKTROMİYOGRAFİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Kassal yorgunluk, kas kasılması yoluyla belirli bir gücün üretilmesinde ya da sürdürülmesinde ortaya çıkan yetersizlik olarak tanımlanır. Yorgunluk, sporcularda performansı etkileyen önemli etmenlerden birisidir. Bu nedenle de bu araştırmada “Sporcularda erektor spinae kas yorgunluğunun işlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi ve yüzeysel elektromiyografi ile değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Araştırmaya 22 sporcu (kürekçi=11, voleybolcu=11) ve 8 sedanter erkek gönüllü katıldı. Bireylerin erektor spinae kas yorgunluğunu değerlendirmek için modifiye Biering-Sorensen kassal dayanıklılık (BSKD) testi 10 dakika arayla iki kez uygulandı. İşlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi ve yüzeysel elektromiyogafi probları erektor spinae kasının L3 spinoz çıkıntısından merkeze 2.5 cm uzaklığa ve erektror spinae’nın her iki tarafına gelecek şekilde yan yana yerleştirildi. Ölçümler eşzamanlı alındı. Verilerin analizinde 3 yönlü karma varyans analizi (gruplar arası ve grup içi desen) kullanıldı. BSKD test süresi iki gruba göre de anlamlı şekilde en uzun olan grup kürekçilerdi (ort=274 sn). KOKK, OMF ve OCF yüzdelik değişim miktarları açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmadı. 1. ölçümde KOKK eğiminde (%/sn) düşüş gözlenirken 2.ölçümde artış gözlendi. Buna karşın OMF ve OCF eğimleri (%/sn) test boyunca doğrusal şekilde düşüş gösterdi. İşlevsel yakın kızılaltı spektroskopi sinyalinden elde edilen düğüm noktasına en geç ulaşan voleybolcular oldu. Aynı zamanda eğim1 açısından voleybolcular sedanterler göre daha düşük eğime sahipti. BSKD test süresince en büyük erim değerlerinin sedanter grupta olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak sporcuların yorgunluk değerlendirilmesinde YEMG ve İYKAS güvenilir ve kullanışlı bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Bu yolla elde edilecek verilerin sporcuların antrenmanlarına ve adaptasyonlarına ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: BSKD, Yorgunluk, İYKAS ve YEMG ASSESSMENT OF ERECTOR SPİNAE MUSCLE FATIGUE USING NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHY İN ATHLETES SUMMARY Muscle fatigue is defined as deficiency in the production of power or holding this level through muscle contraction. Fatigue is the most important factor defining performance in athletes. Because of this, assessment of erector spinae muscle fatigue in athletes using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Surface Electromyography" has been aimed in this research. 22 athletes (11 rowers and 11 volleyball players) and 8 sedentary male voluntary people participated in the study. Two modified Biering-Sorenson muscle endurance (BSME) tests were applied with 10 minutes interval to evaluate the erector spinae muscle fatigue of people. Probe of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and electrodes of Surface Electromyography were placed next to each other on each side of erector spinae muscle, above 2.5 cm from the L3 center and measurements were simultaneous. 3-way mixed variance analysis (between the groups and within group pattern) was used in the data analysis. BSME test times of rowers were the longest statistically compared to the other two grups (mean 274 s.). There was no significant difference for RMS, MNF and MDF percentage changes between the groups. RMS slope decline was observed in the first test whereas increase was observed in the second test. MNF and MDF slopes (%/s.) were in linear decline throughout the test. Inflection point determined from Near Infrared Spectroscopy signal were the longest for volleyball players. At the same time, volleyball players have lower slope of m1 compared to sedentary people. The highest range values were noticed in the sedentary group during the BSME test. As a result, SEMG and NIRS provide reliable and useful information for assessment of fatigue in athletes. The data obtained in this way is thought to give insight into training of athletes and their adaptations. Key words: BSME, Fatigue, NIRS and SEM

The effect of morphological characteristics on the physical and physiological performance of Turkish soccer referees and assistant referees

Physical fitness and physiological status play an important role in the referees’ performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the body structure and morphological characteristics of Turkish Ssccer refereesand assistant referees and to determine the effect of these variables on physical performance. A sample of 158 male referees and 55 asisstant referees (mean age 31.8 ± 4.2 and 37.4 ± 3.3 years)was evaluated. Physical assesment were conducted using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRTL1) and Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) for referees and Active Recovery Intermittent Endurance Test (ARIET) and the RSA for assistant referees. We analyzed heart rate assesments. The measures used to assess morphological characteristics were age, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat (BF), body mass, and fat free mass.The ANOVA test (Tukey test)was used to determine the result. Correlations between the referees’ fitness test performance and their morphological characteristics were examined using Pearson’s correlation (p<0.05). To result of this study, point to the existence of a strong correlation between morphological and physical and physiological characteristics. According to the literature, we found that greater BF and a higher BMI may negatively affect areferee’s running performance

Effects of in-water and dryland warm-ups on 50-meter freestyle performance in child swimmer

In this study, effectiveness of 3 warm-up (WU) modes on 50m free style on child swimmers has been evaluated. In repeated-measures counterbalanced design, 10 male swimmers of a local sports club (10-12 ages) have tried out 50m freestyle after each WU on different days. Each WU took 15 minutes and the intensity of WU has been checked over by Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 15-point scale. a) no warm-up (NWU): the swimmers sat or laid down for 15 minutes, b) dryland warmup (DWU): continuous rope-jumping at RPE 12 for 5 minutes, 2 sets 10x15s calisthenics with 15s breathing spaces and continuous ropejumping at RPE 14 for 5 minutes, c) in-water warm up (SWU): continuous freestyle swimming at RPE 12 for 5 minutes, freestyle swimming with 8x15m maximum performance with 30s breathing spaces and continuous freestyle swimming at RPE 14 for 5 minutes. RPE, stroke count and heart rate (HR) have been evaluated together with the best time in swimming performance. Compared with NWU swimming time post DWU was faster, however the fastest swimming time was achieved post SWU. After NWU swimming RPE was significantly higher. Significant difference could not be found in terms of HR and stroke count. Consequently, SWU is better for swimming performance and DWU can be used when swimming pool is not available

The influence of physical training modalities on basal metabolic rate and leptin on obese adolescent boys

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical training modalities on basal metabolic rate, cardiovascular fitness and serum leptin level in obese adolescent boys. Sixteen obese adolescent boys (age: 16.81 +/- 0.91 years) were randomly assigned to either resistance (RTG) (n=8) or endurance (ETG) (n=8) training and followed the respective training programmes for six months (3 days/wk, 60 min/day). Leptin, basal metabolism rate (BMR), and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention. After the training period, Leptin was decreased and VO2max was increased in both groups (p<0.05), whereas BMR was statistically increased only in ETG (p<0.05). These results indicated that both types of exercises had positive effects on cardiovascular fitness and hormonal control of fat metabolism in obese male adolescents. Resistance exercises should be considered as an alternative or supplementation to endurance exercises in youth obesity management