DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM LOADED EUDRAGIT RS100 POLYMERIC MICROSPONGE INCORPORATED INTO IN SITU GEL FOR OPHTHALMIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Objective: Purpose of the study to design and formulate Diclofenac sodium (DIC) microsponges. Methods: With varied polymer: drug ratio DIC loaded microsponges were prepared with Eudragit RS100 polymer by quasi solvent diffusion method. Microsponges evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug content, in vitro drug release, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DIC loaded microsponges incorporated into ocular in situ gel to attained controlled release by microsponge and improved residence time by gelling system. Ocular in situ gel evaluated for pH, drug content determination, gelling capacity, in vitro drug release and sterility study. Results: DSER4 microsponge formulation having polymer to drug ratio 1:7 showed satisfactory production yield (68.13%), entrapment efficiency (62.86%), drug content (80.73%), requisite particle size (less than 10 µm) (7.52 µm) and in vitro release 87.94% after 6 h. Selected DSER4 formulation was incorporate into in situ gel. Carbopol 940 forms stiff gel at higher pH so used as a gelling agent, whereas Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose E4M was used as a viscosity-enhancing agent for the formulation of in situ gel in varied compositions. In situ gel formulation IG4 showed sustained release of 76.92% till the end of 8 h and satisfactory gelling capacity so IG4 further evaluated for sterility test. Rheological studies reveal the sol-gel transition of in situ gel occur at the physiological condition to form stiff gel. Conclusion: Prepared in situ gel formulations showed sustained drug release for a period of 8 h, which is satisfactory for management of ocular pain

Antidiabetic activity of Plumeria rubra L. in normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major source of morbidity in developed countries. In spite of the introduction of hypoglycemic agents, diabetes and related complications continue to be a major medical problem. Our present study aims to investigate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of plumeria rubra (PR) in experimental animals.Methods: PR extract was subjected to antidiabetic study in alloxan induced diabetic model at three-dose levels 100,200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. It was also tested for hypoglycemic activity at same dose levels. Diabetes was induced by alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). PR extracts and standard drug glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to animals for 28 days. The blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, glycosylated hemoglobin. Body weights were assessed in the experimental animals. Histopathological observations during 28 days treatment were also evaluated.Results: PR extract induced significant reduction (P<0.001) in fasting blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Significant differences were observed in serum lipid profiles, glycosylated haemoglobin by extract treated-diabetic animals, when compared with the diabetic control and normal animals. The protective effect of PR was also evident from the histopathological examination on pancreas, liver and kidney. It reduced the injuries induced by alloxan.Conclusions: PR exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The results of the present study provide support to the traditional usage of the plant in diabetes

Oral Candidiasis Review: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, And Treatment Strategies

The candidiasis is an opportunistic infection commonly affecting the oral cavity. The most prevalent clinical symptoms of candidiasis seen in medical and dental practice is oral candidiasis. People who are extremely young, elderly, or already ill are more likely to develop the illness. The present review summarize classification, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis and treatment and management of oral candidiasis. Additionally, medicinal herbs and nutraceuticals can be explored as a safe, accessible, and cost-effective therapy option for oral candidiasi

Oral Candidiasis Review: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, And Treatment Strategies

The candidiasis is an opportunistic infection commonly affecting the oral cavity. The most prevalent clinical symptoms of candidiasis seen in medical and dental practice is oral candidiasis. People who are extremely young, elderly, or already ill are more likely to develop the illness. The present review summarize classification, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis and treatment and management of oral candidiasis. Additionally, medicinal herbs and nutraceuticals can be explored as a safe, accessible, and cost-effective therapy option for oral candidiasis

Antidiabetic activity of Plumeria rubra L. in normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major source of morbidity in developed countries. In spite of the introduction of hypoglycemic agents, diabetes and related complications continue to be a major medical problem. Our present study aims to investigate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of plumeria rubra (PR) in experimental animals.Methods: PR extract was subjected to antidiabetic study in alloxan induced diabetic model at three-dose levels 100,200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. It was also tested for hypoglycemic activity at same dose levels. Diabetes was induced by alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). PR extracts and standard drug glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to animals for 28 days. The blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, glycosylated hemoglobin. Body weights were assessed in the experimental animals. Histopathological observations during 28 days treatment were also evaluated.Results: PR extract induced significant reduction (P&lt;0.001) in fasting blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Significant differences were observed in serum lipid profiles, glycosylated haemoglobin by extract treated-diabetic animals, when compared with the diabetic control and normal animals. The protective effect of PR was also evident from the histopathological examination on pancreas, liver and kidney. It reduced the injuries induced by alloxan.Conclusions: PR exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The results of the present study provide support to the traditional usage of the plant in diabetes

Development and Evaluation of Dental Film of Doxycycline for the Treatment of Periodontitis

The study has been designed to formulate intrapocket dental film loaded with doxycycline to be used for insertion into the periodontal pockets and evaluate its clinical efficacy. Doxycycline dental films were prepared by the solvent casting technique using polymers such as gelatin was used as film former. Glycerin as plasticizer and glutaraldehyde as cross linking agent were used. The prepared films (F1-F9) were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters employing established pharmaceutical procedures such as surface pH, folding endurance, tensile strength, swelling index, drug content, in-vitro drug release, antibacterial efficacy, stability studies. Experimental parameters of the obtained film exhibited results within the desired limit. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry studies revealed the formulated film to be stable during drug stability and compatible between drugs and excipients. In-vitro dissolution studies showed an initial burst release to achieve an immediate therapeutic level of drug in the periodontal pocket followed by a progressive fall and extended-release of the drug for 12 days

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Some Novel Indoles

Purpose: Long-term clinical usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with significant side effects - gastrointestinal lesions, bleeding and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the discovery of new safer antiinflammatory drugs represents a challenging goal for this research area. Methods: Various derivatives of 3-(2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl) indoles viz. 4-(4-substitutedphenyl)-6-(2-(4 substitutedphenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl) pyrimidin-2-amine (4a-4r) were synthesized by cyclization of (3-(4- substitutedphenyl)-1-(2-(4-substitutedphenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one) of indole with guanidine hydrochloride in the presence of sodium isopropoxide. Their structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. These compounds were investigated for their analgesic, inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities. Results: All the compounds tested (4a-4r) showed analgesic and inflammatory activities. Seven compounds (4d, e, h, j, k, q, p) out of 18 compounds showed antiinflammatory activity comparable to that of the reference standard, indomethacin, but with much lower ulcerogenic action. Compounds 4j and 4k showed 87.4 and 88.2 % inhibition of paw edema, 78.5 and 76.6 % protection against acetic acid-induced writhings and 0.89 and 1.12 of severity index, respectively, compared to 92.7 %, 82.8 % and 2.2, respectively, for indomethacin. Conclusion: The results show that incorporation of an appropriately substituted pyrimidine ring in indole nucleus can afford molecules with good analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities but with reduced gastric irritation

Outcome Prediction and Severity of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) on the Basis of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters

Background: Laboratory parameters play a key role in triaging, predicting disease course, severity and may determine prognosis COVID-19 patients. Material and methods: Aim and Objectives: To study the relation of clinical and laboratory parameters (total WBC count, neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio, serum ferritin, serum D-dimer, serum LDH, CRP, ESR) with severity and outcome of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Sample size: It was a time-bound study conducted over 3 months (1st April to 30th June, 2020). A total of 206 patients will be included in this study satisfying the inclusion criteria. Study design: This was a prospective, observational and non-interventional study conducted on patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Statistical Analysis: Data will be analyzed for mean, percentage, standard deviation, and chi-square test for quantitative data by using appropriate statistical tests using INSTAT software version 8.0 (trial version) and p-value &lt; 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Results: Total of 206 patients of both genders were included in the present study. Total 141 (68.44%) patients were males and 65 (31.55%) patients were females (Chi Sq. 56.07; DF:1; p &lt; 0.001). Among all the groups according to the severity of illness, ‘D’ group was the most common group (n = 99; 45.06%). Age &gt; 60 years (17.48%), obesity (13.11%), hypertension (10.19%), COPD (5.83%), and diabetes mellitus (5.83%) were the most frequent risk factors or comorbidities associated with COVID-19 disease. Many patients had multiple risk factors in the present study. The majority (3/4th) of the patients were in C and D group (moderate) with co-morbidities and about 1/4th were in the severe group. Total 5 (2.43%) patients with COVID-19 patients succumbed to death with an overall case fatality rate of 2.43%. The case fatality rate was significantly higher among the patients with risk factors or comorbidities (p = 0.0124). Late presentation, associated comorbidity, advancing age, High level of ferritin, D-dimer, CRP, PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than 100 at the time of admission were associated with mortality. The terminal event in patients who have succumbed was bradycardia followed by cardiorespiratory arrest. The cause of death was ARDS with bilateral extensive pneumonia. Conclusions: Late presentation, associated comorbidity like diabetes mellitus, advancing age, High level of ferritin, D-dimer, CRP, PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than 100 at the time of admission were associated with mortality. The terminal event in patients who have succumbed was bradycardia followed by cardiorespiratory arrest. The cause of death was ARDS with bilateral extensive pneumonia

Formulation and evaluation of exfoliating facial scrub containing avocado and almond extract

Major objective of present study to be prepared a herbo-mineral facial scrub. Majorly facial skin comes in contact with dirt, pollution, dust particles having large number of dead cells. In order to remove dead cells and make skin healthy, clean, nourished some facial preparation are required. Prepared scrub contains various natural ingredients which are safer for use having fewer side effects. Also they possess antioxidant, anti-aging, humectant properties 1 .This exfoliating facial scrub is prepared by using simple mixing method using various ingredients such as avocado extract, coffee beans, almond oil, carbapol 934, hyaluronic acid, preservatives and perfuming agents also added to this preparation with homogenous mixing. Evaluation of this exfoliating facial scrub includes physical appearance, texture, odour, colour, viscosity, Spreadability and washability. Prepared formulation can be used effectively as it shows good exfoliating property, good scrubbing property. It can be used to make exfoliate, healthy, glowing skin. Keywords: Exfoliating facial scrub, less side effect, good scrubbing property, glowing skin