A new and sensitive reaction rate method for spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of thiourea in different water samples based on an induction period

BACKGROUNDAgrilus bigutattus (Fabricius) is a forest pest of increasing importance in the United Kingdom. The larvae damage weakened native oaks and are thought to contribute to premature tree death. Suspected links with acute oak decline (AOD) are not yet confirmed, but AOD-predisposed trees appear to become more susceptible to A. biguttatus attack. Thus, management may be necessary for control of this insect. To explore the possibility of monitoring beetle populations by baited traps, the host tree volatiles regulating A. biguttatus-oak interactions were studied. RESULTSBiologically active volatile organic compounds in dynamic headspace extracts of oak foliage and bark were identified initially by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the structures were confirmed by GC coinjection with authentic compounds. Of two synthetic blends of these compounds comprising the active leaf volatiles, the simpler one containing three components evoked strongly positive behavioural responses in four-arm olfactometer tests with virgin females and males, although fresh leaf material was more efficient than the blend. The other blend, comprising a five-component mixture made up of bark volatiles, proved to be as behaviourally active for gravid females as bark tissue. CONCLUSIONSThese initial results on A. biguttatus chemical ecology reveal aspects of the role of attractive tree volatiles in the host-finding of beetles and underpin the development of semiochemically based surveillance strategies for this forest insect. (c) 2015 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry

Risk of betel chewing for oesophageal cancer in Taiwan

Among 104 cases of squamous-cell oesophageal carcinoma patients and 277 controls in Taiwan, after adjusting for cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and other confounders, we found that subjects who chewed from 1 to 495 betel-year and more than 495 betel-years (about 20 betel quid per day for 20 years) had 3.6-fold (95% Cl = 1.3–10.1) and 9.2-fold risk (95% Cl = 1.8–46.7), respectively, of developing oesophageal cancer, compared to those who did not chew betel. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.co

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Combination of searches for heavy spin-1 resonances using 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A combination of searches for new heavy spin-1 resonances decaying into different pairings of W, Z, or Higgs bosons, as well as directly into leptons or quarks, is presented. The data sample used corresponds to 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at = 13 TeV collected during 2015–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Analyses selecting quark pairs (qq, bb, , and tb) or third-generation leptons (τν and ττ) are included in this kind of combination for the first time. A simplified model predicting a spin-1 heavy vector-boson triplet is used. Cross-section limits are set at the 95% confidence level and are compared with predictions for the benchmark model. These limits are also expressed in terms of constraints on couplings of the heavy vector-boson triplet to quarks, leptons, and the Higgs boson. The complementarity of the various analyses increases the sensitivity to new physics, and the resulting constraints are stronger than those from any individual analysis considered. The data exclude a heavy vector-boson triplet with mass below 5.8 TeV in a weakly coupled scenario, below 4.4 TeV in a strongly coupled scenario, and up to 1.5 TeV in the case of production via vector-boson fusion

High frequency AC-DC converter for high current applications

High amount of direct current is essential in many industrial processes. Conventional methods for obtaining high amount of direct current involve parallel operation of converters with interphase or five-legged rectifier transformer. The interphase transformer (IPT) and/or rectifier transformer employed in the system increase overall size of the system and also provide limited control over the operation. This paper presents simpler topology of high frequency AC-DC converter specially for low-voltage high-current industrial applications. In the proposed topology, rectifier module and low frequency L-C filter in the primary stage (required for conventional high frequency converters) are eliminated. The topology provides better control over the operation and helps in reducing size of the overall rectifier system. The topology is simulated for a practical application of 12 V, 5000 A rectifier system. The three-phase high frequency transformer present in the topology is designed and its estimated size is compared with the existing five-legged rectifier transformer for the conventional system

Analysis of parallel operation of converters with interphase transformer

The parallel operation of two three-pulse controlled converters with interphase transformer (IPT) is modeled and analyzed. An IPT absorbs voltage difference between DC voltages of the two converters at any instant and ensures independent operation without any circulating current. It also results in six-pulse output voltage resulting in less harmonic distortions. The complete circuit is solved by using modified nodal analysis (MNA) and magnetic nonlinearity in the IPT core is taken into account by dynamic inductance model. Power electronic switches are modeled as small and large resistances during ON and OFF states. A code has been written to model and simulate the circuit under balanced and short circuit conditions.© IEE

Assessment of the impact strength of the denture base resin polymerized by various processing techniques

Aim : To measure the impact strength of denture base resins polymerized using short and long curing cycles by water bath, pressure cooker and microwave techniques. Materials and Methods: For impact strength testing, 60 samples were made. The sample dimensions were 60 mm × 12 mm × 3 mm, as standardized by the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM). A digital caliper was used to locate the midpoint of sample. The impact strength was measured in IZOD type of impact tester using CEAST Impact tester. The pendulum struck the sample and it broke. The energy required to break the sample was measured in Joules. Data were analyzed using Student′s " t" test. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the impact strength of denture base resins polymerized by long curing cycle and short curing cycle in each technique, with the long curing processing being the best. Conclusion: The polymerization technique plays an important role in the influence of impact strength in the denture base resin. This research demonstrates that the denture base resin polymerized by microwave processing technique possessed the highest impact strength

Analytical description for zero-sequence characteristics of five-legged core construction in transformers

The zero-sequence characteristics of a transformer are predominantly decided by its core construction. An analytical description for these characteristics of a five-legged transformer is presented in this study. The transformer is analysed by developing a simple reluctance model and by using the theory of sequence components. Two types of zero-sequence inductances are discussed, viz. open-circuit, that is, magnetising, zero-sequence inductance (L(0)(oc)) and short-circuit, that is, leakage, zero-sequence inductance (L(0)(sc)). The magnetising zero-sequence inductance is expressed in terms of the inductances contributed by flow of magnetic flux through the end-legs and its analytical expression is developed. Zero-sequence characteristics of a three-legged transformer are compared analytically with that of a five-legged one, thus highlighting the effect of end-legs. A practical five-legged transformer used in a 12 V, 5000 A recti. er system is considered for the purpose of experimental veri. cation. The magnetising zero-sequence inductance for this transformer is computed by developing its reluctance model. The short-circuit zero-sequence inductance is shown to be equal to the corresponding positive-sequence inductance and its value is computed after conducting standard open-circuit and short-circuit tests on the transformer. The recti. er system is modelled using coupled circuit. field formulation by developing a non-linear-transient finite element code in ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) and values of L(0)(oc) and L(0)(sc) are computed. The results obtained from the reluctance model and the APDL are validated experimentally by performing zero-sequence tests on the five-legged transformer