The economics of bank regulation

The object of this paper is to survey and synthesize the literature on the regulation of financial intermediaries, including the theoretical framework and also the applied literature on specific regulations such as deposit insurance, capital controls, line of business restrictions, etc

Chemistry of ruthenium with some dioxime ligands. Syntheses, structures and reactivities

Reaction of two dioxime ligands, viz. dimethylglyoxime (H2dmg) and diphenylglyoxime (H2dpg), (abbreviated in general as H2L, where H stands for the oxime protons) with [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] in 1¦1 mole ratio affords complexes of type [Ru(PPh3)2(H2L)Cl2]. Structure of the [Ru(PPh3)2(H2dpg)Cl2] complex has been solved by X-ray crystallography. The coordination sphere around ruthenium is N2P2Cl2 with the two PPh3 ligands in trans and the two chlorides in cis positions. Reaction of the dioxime ligands with [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] in 2¦1 mole ratio in the presence of a base affords complexes of type [Ru(PPh3)2(HL)2]. Structure of the [Ru(PPh3)2(Hdmg)2] complex has been solved by X-ray crystallography. The coordination sphere around ruthenium is N4P2 with the two PPh3 ligands in trans positions. Reaction of the [Ru(PPh3)2(H2dpg)Cl2] complex with a group of bidentate acidic ligands, viz. picolinic acid (Hpic), quinolin-8-ol (Hq) and 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (Hnn), (abbreviated in general as HL′, where H stands for the acidic proton) in the presence of a base affords complexes of type [Ru(PPh3)2(H2dpg)(L′)]+ isolated as perchlorate salts. All the complexes are diamagnetic (low-spin d6, S=0) and in dichloromethane solution show several intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. Cyclic voltammetry on all the complexes shows a reversible ruthenium(II)-ruthenium(III) oxidation within 0.36-0.98 V versus SCE followed by a quasi-reversible ruthenium(III)-ruthenium(IV) oxidation within 0.94-1.60 V versus SCE

Assessment on antinociceptive actions of soluble fractions derived from edible mollusc (Bellamya bengalensis Lam.)

Background: Bellamya bengalensis, an edible bivalve mollusc is traditionally used in the treatment of joint pain, bone fracture, jaundice and eye infections. Present study was designed to find out the most potent analgesic fractions derived from the body mass of Bellamya bengalensis.Methods: The test specimen was collected, identified and fractionated with solvent medium like, phosphate buffer saline (PB), ethyl acetate (EB), methanol (MB) and chloroform (CB). Protein concentration of each fraction was determined. The antinociceptive activities were measured either by thermal models like, hot plate and tail immersion (central analgesic action) or by chemical model like acetic acid induced writhing (peripheral analgesic action) in mice. Diclofenac sodium was used as analgesic standard.Results: Significant peripheral and central analgesic activity showed by phosphate buffer saline fraction at 100mg/kg, even better than diclofenac standard at 10mg/kg. In hot plate and tail immersion tests, phosphate buffer saline showed the highest activity followed by methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction respectively. However, in case of peripheral analgesic experiment, phosphate buffer fraction exhibited maximum writhing inhibitory properties and that was followed by chloroform, methanol and ethyl acetate fraction respectively.Conclusions: Phosphate buffer saline fraction of Bellamya bengalensis showed maximum potential central and peripheral analgesic activity than any other fractions

Perception of medical teachers towards undergraduate medical theoretical assessment system in a medical college of West Bengal

Background: With change of disease pattern and complexities of therapy globally, medical education become challenging. Problem based learning and self-directed learning became more relevant and occupied its space in medical education. Assessment is very crucial with the change in curriculum for appropriate feedback and learning in the system. Present study evaluated the perception of medical teachers on this issue of theory examination. Assessment or evaluation plays a pivotal role in effectivity of the system. Assessors always guide any system to achieve its objectives.Methods: This is an observational study, done with a questionnaire. It was done by interviewing the faculties of R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal who were examiners at University level.Results: Present study comprised faculty of fifteen undergraduate Departments of R. G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata 29.68% faculty supported semester system. 70.32% faculty participated as the study population. 48.4% agreed and 35.93% strongly agreed on the concept of model answers. A majority of the faculties (31.25%) strongly agreed on the issue that answers should be checked by two or more examiners. Regarding the threshold of pass marks, 48.4% strongly agreed and 43.75% agreed that students need to get 50% marks separately in theory examination to get through the examination.Conclusions: Present study evaluated importance of theory assessment system in medical education. It also necessitates further research to improve the objectivity of theory assessment system in medical curriculum at University level, in India

GPS constraints on Indo-Asian convergence in the Bhutan Himalaya: Segmentation and potential for a 8.2-8.8 Mw earthquake

The seismogenic setting of Bhutan is unusual due to its lower-than-average 20th century seismic moment release (Drukpa et al. 2006), its absence of a reliable historical record, and its unusual location near the Shillong plateau where a great earthquake in 1897 resulted in ≈10 m of N/S shortening of the Indian plate to its south (Gahalaut et al. 2011). Despite these indicators that lower than normal convergence velocities should currently prevail, the GPS velocity between Shillong and Lhasa suggests that convergence in Sikkim and Bhutan occurs at velocities exceeding 20 mm/yr. GPS points between the Greater Himalaya and the Shillong Plateau measured in 2003, 2006 and 2012 permit us to quantify Bhutan\u27s seismogenic potential

Chemistry of ruthenium with some phenolic ligands: synthesis, structure and redox properties

Reaction of three phenolate ligands, viz. salicylaldehyde (HL1), 2-hydroxyacetophenone (HL2) and 2-hydroxynaphthylaldehyde (HL3), (abbreviated in general as HL, where H stands for the phenolic proton) with [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] in 1¦1 mole ratio gives complexes of the type[Ru(PPh3)2(L)Cl2]. The structure of the [Ru(PPh3)2(L2)Cl2] complex has been solved by X-ray crystallography. The coordination sphere around ruthenium isO2P2Cl2 with a cis-trans-cis geometry, respectively. The [Ru(PPh3)2(L)Cl2] complexes are one-electron paramagnetic (low-spin d5, S=½) and show rhombic ESR spectra in 1¦1 dichloromethane-toluene solution at 77 K. In dichloromethane solution the [Ru(PPh3)2(L)Cl2] complexes show several intense LMCT transitions in the visible region. Reaction between the phenolic ligands and [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] in 2¦1 mole ratio in the presence of a base affords the [Ru(PPh3)2(L)2] complexes in two isomeric forms. 1H NMR spectra of one isomer shows that it does not have any C2 symmetry and has the cis-cis-cis disposition of the three sets of donor atoms. 1H NMR spectra of the other isomer shows that it has C2 symmetry. The structure of the isomer of the [Ru(PPh3)2(L1)2] complex has been solved by X-ray crystallography. The coordination sphere around ruthenium is O4P2 with a cis-trans-cis disposition of the carbonylic oxygens, phenolate oxygens and phosphorus atoms, respectively. The [Ru(PPh3)2(L)2] complexes are diamagnetic (low-spin d6, S=O) and show intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. Cyclic voltammetry on the [Ru(PPh3)2(L)Cl2] complexes shows a ruthenium(III)---ruthenium(II) reduction near -0.3 V versus SCE and a ruthenium(III)---ruthenium(IV) oxidation in the range 1.08-1.24 V versus SCE. Cyclic voltammetry on both isomers of the [Ru(PPh3)2(L)2] complexes shows a ruthenium(II)---ruthenium(III) oxidation within 0.09-0.41 V versus SCE, followed by a ruthenium(III)-ruthenium(IV) oxidation within 1.31-1.52 V versus SCE

Molecular markers assisted DNA polymorphism: Implications in mangrove research

Mangroves are defined as woody, evergreen group of plant community; grow on the swampy substrate at tropical and sub-tropical habitatsadjusted to high salinity, periodical tidal influence, strong winds, high temperatures, high precipitation and anaerobic soils. They possessunique morphological and physiological adaptive features to cope with these extreme conditions. Mangrove vegetation is the cradle of several marine fauna and provides first line of defense against devastating sea surges, typhoon, tsunami, etc. However, since industrial era, many of the mangrove members were affected by several environmental constrains and anthropogenic activities that raised the sea level, lowered sweet water influx from the adjacent rivers and encroachment for the new settlement formation, increasing salinity. Hence, mangrove restoration program is the front line topic of interest to the plant biologists across the tropical and subtropical world since it has a productive and protective role for the inhabitants. Sound knowledge of molecular characteristic of the individual taxa will be provide an advantage for this initiative.Recent advancement in molecular markers based on the PCR technique techniqueswill enhance the knowledge about genetic background of each individual taxon, ultimately leading to valid guided references towards the understanding the inherent nature of the plant itself and beneficial to proper restoration program

Brane Dynamics in the Randall-Sundrum model, Inflation and Graceful Exit

We study the averaged action of the Randall-Sundrum model with a time dependent metric ansatz. It can be reformulated in terms of a Brans-Dicke action with time dependent Newton's constant. We show that the physics of early universe, particularly inflation, is governed by the Brans-Dicke theory. The Brans-Dicke scalar, however, quickly settles to its equilibrium value and decouples from the post-inflationary cosmology. The deceleration parameter is negative to start with but changes sign before the Brans-Dicke scalar settles to its equilibrium value. Consequently, the brane metric smoothly exits inflation. We have also studied the slow-roll inflation in our model and investigated the spectra of the density perturbation generated by the radion field and find them consistent with the current observations.Comment: Revised version, Accepted in Class. Quant. Gravit