Unusual formation and sub-omohyoid course of external jugular vein.

Variations in the origin and termination of external jugular vein are common and are reported in the past. However, variations in the course of external jugular vein are uncommon. During routine dissection classes for medical undergraduates, we came across the unusual formation and course of right external jugular vein and absence of common facial vein, in an approximately 60-year-old male cadaver of Indian origin. External jugular vein was formed by the continuation of undivided trunk of retromandibular vein. Following its formation, it passed vertically superficial to sternocleidomastoid muscle to the lower part of occipital triangle. In the occipital triangle it pierced the investing layer of deep cervical fascia and passed deep to the inferior belly of omohyoid muscle and coursed through the subclavian triangle. Then, it terminated at the junction of subclavian vein with internal jugular vein. Facial vein joined with submental vein and finally drained into internal jugular vein. Further, the posterior auricular vein and anterior jugular veins were absent. Knowledge about the variations of the retromandibular vein, common facial vein and external jugular vein observed in this study, may be important for the surgeons, to prevent inadvertent injury and excessive bleeding during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures

THE INFLUENCE OF EXERCISE PROGRAMME ON BLOOD LIPID PROFILE OF OBESE SEDENTARY MALES

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the Influence of selected exercise programme on blood lipid profile of obese sedentary males. Since the purpose of the study was to analyse the changes that may occur due to selected exercise programme on blood lipid profile of obese persons, it was considered necessary to choose untrained individuals who were not the part of any game or sports team and were not engaged in any training or coaching programme. For this purpose, fat percentages of 200 undergraduate sedentary male students were measured. Students were selected from different colleges of Kashmir and their age ranged between 18-25 years, Out of 200 students, 25 obese (having 18% or more than 18% of fat) students were selected as the subjects of this study. Percentage of body fat was recorded at four sites of the body i.e. biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailliac and the total corresponding value of skin fold at four sites were referred to the help of conversion chart prepared by Durnin and Womersley. Blood samples were taken at rest before and after the training period. Lipid and lipoprotein measurements were done with enzymatic method on auto-analyser. From each subject 5 ml of blood samples were taken twice i.e. pre-test (before exercise programme) and post-test (after 8-weeks programme) respectively. Blood samples were drawn 48 hours after the last exercise bout an attempt to minimize the potential of acute exercise to mark the effect of training on the plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins variables namely Triglycerides, Cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL and VLDL determined. The selected exercise programme for 8-weeks proved to be effective in significantly decreasing triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein in post-test of obese males.  Article visualizations

Accuracy of References in Economics Literature: A Study of Three International Journals

The investigation explores the three international level journals of Economic Subject namely Global Economic Review, International Review of Applied of Economics and International Economic Journal. 150 references were selected for the investigation and verified, and 92 errors were detected in this paper. Total 65 (54%) References were incorrect. 55% (51) minor and 45% (41) major errors were identified. A systematic policy for reference accuracy was implemented in all the three economic journals by editorial board

EFFECT OF PHYTOESTROGENS ON LIPID PROFILE: MINI REVIEW

Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to its mammalian counterparts and are capable of producing estrogen-like effects and non-steroidal in nature. Their affinity to bind to the estrogen receptors, a class of cytoplasmic proteins, is far less in comparison to the natural estrogen hormones found in humans and other animals or even the synthetically prepared estrogen and, therefore, are far less potent. Even so, the usage of phytoestrogen in either dietary or supplemental form in postmenopausal women is gaining interest, as opposed to the conventional estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), which was so far being used to alleviate the postmenopausal symptoms and believed, with little experimental/clinical evidence, to cause a significant reduction in the threat of coronary heart diseases (CHD). This usage of phytoestrogen follows from the fact that the overall health risks exerted by ERT outweigh the benefits, and to a little extent, the perception that synthetically prepared, so-called prescription estrogen†interferes with what is otherwise a natural process. It is crucial to explore the alternatives that mimic the beneficial effects of ERT, especially with regard to the minimization of the risk of developing CHD and further evaluation of the aforementioned risks in terms of lipid profiling while simultaneously keeping the health risks to a minimum. This review discusses the scope of use of phytoestrogen specifically pertaining to lipid profiling, their possible health benefits, and adverse effects if any. Keywords: Phytoestrogens, Postmenopause, Lipid profile, Isoflavones

Efficient Wavelet Coding Technique in DWT-DCT for Color Image Compression

This paper presents a changed crossover wavelet calculation to pack shading picture. After wavelet disintegration, low recurrence coefficients are compacted into T-Matrix utilizing one-dimensional DCT. In the meantime high recurrence coefficients at level two are packed in two phases. In first stage an ideal edge is connected to every single point by point coefficient utilizing enhanced neigh recoil utilizing stein's impartial hazard estimator (SURE) to dispense with some excess. In second stage, Eliminate Zero and Store Data (EZSD) calculation is connected to kill zeroes in sub framework of high recurrence coefficients and to store just nonzero information into a cluster. The calculation is more minimal as it utilizes two level quantization and number juggling coding. Consequences of this calculation contrasted and JPEG2000 by utilizing three diverse shading pictures

Genetic diversity and relationship assessment among mulberry (Morus spp) genotypes by simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker profile

Mulberry (Morus L.) is essential for sericulture industry as the primary source of food for silkworm Bombyx mori L. In India, long tradition of practising sericulture includes the use of a large number of indigenous cultivars. Since knowledge on genetic divergence of these cultivars/varieties is imperative for conservation and gainful utilization, simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiling was employed to assess genetic relatedness among 17 mulberry genotypes maintained in the Germplasm Bank of Temperate Sericulture Institute, SKUAST Kashmir, Mirgund. Six SSR primers were utilised which generates 17 alleles among the genotypes. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value varied from 0.260 (MulSTR3) to 0.623 (MulSTR4), with an average of 0.438 per locus. The highest similarity value of 0.92 was observed between Lemoncina and Kanva-2, as compared to the lowest similarity coefficient of 0.15 was between SKM-48 and Chinese white. Clustering of the genotypes was done with unweight pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) which generates five clusters. Cluster-2 contained maximum (six) genotypes.Keywords: Clustering, genetic relatedness, mulberry, SSRAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(21), pp. 3181-318