Modified Approach for Cutting Force Measurement in Face Milling Process

In modern manufacturing processes, there is an ever increasing demand for higher productivity. The continuous demand for higher productivity and product quality asks for better understanding and control of machining processes by reducing machining time with the increase of cutting force and material removal rate. The variation in cutting force results in deflection in the tool and workpiece and which intern deteriorates geometrical accuracy. One of the methods of improving productivity and quality lies in fact, to develop monitoring system which can control and maintain the cutting force at a prescribed level by adjusting cutting parameters using adaptive control technique. The cutting force is one of the important characteristic variables to be monitored in the cutting processes. This research paper consists of an indirect cutting force estimator during face milling process. Cutting forces and torque models are derived from cutting geometry in face milling process. The relationship between feed motor current and cutting forces has been developed from the proposed force models. Cutting forces are measured indirectly by sensing the currents of feed drive servomotors through the Fanuc SERVOGUIDE software. The instantaneous current data captured through the software is utilized for determining the instantaneous torque developed by the feed motor and instantaneous cutting forces have been estimated by using force and torque models. Practical issues calculating cutting force using motor current on a commercial machining center is also carried out. The experimental methodology involved estimation of torque consumption by the motor, first during idle movement and second during actual machining of the component. The machining of the components using standard cutting condition has been carried out and the cutting force estimated using the above method were validated by comparing the cutting force data derived from an accurate dynamometer for similar cutting condition. Practical experimental results are found to be in agreement with the estimated value to an accuracy of ± 10%. This proves indirect measurement is quite reasonable and economical and it has an important application value with high compatibility and stability

Phomopsis azadirachtae sp. nov. from India

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) trees in India showing characteristic die-back symptoms consistently yielded a species of Phomopsis. Uecker(1988) describes the difficulties in identifying unknown species of Phomopsis. The name Phomopsis is a nomen conservandum (Riedl et al., 1981). Wechtl (1988, 1990) made detailed morphological and anatomical studies on genitype Phomopsis lactucae and several other species occurring on Compositae and Umbelliferae. Uecker (1988) published a world list of Phomopsis species on different host plant species. Comparison of the Phomopsis species isolated from A. indica with the earlier described species, Phomopsis abdita (Sacc.) Traverse on Melia azedarach L.(Uecker, 1988; Bilgrami et al., 1991; Ellis & Ellis, 1985) revealed that it was not described previously. This is the first report of a Phomopsis species on A. indica from India

Modified Approach for Cutting Force Measurement Face in Milling

In modern manufacturing processes, there is an ever increasing demand for higher productivity. The continuous demand for higher productivity and product quality asks for better understanding and control of machining processes by reducing machining time with the increase of cutting force and material removal rate. The variation in cutting force results in deflection in the tool and workpiece and which intern deteriorates geometrical accuracy. One of the methods of improving productivity and quality lies in fact, to develop monitoring system which can control and maintain the cutting force at a prescribed level by adjusting cutting parameters using adaptive control technique. The cutting force is one of the important characteristic variables to be monitored in the cutting processes. This research paper consists of an indirect cutting force estimator during face milling process. Cutting forces and torque models are derived from cutting geometry in face milling process. The relationship between feed motor current and cutting forces has been developed from the proposed force models. Cutting forces are measured indirectly by sensing the currents of feed drive servomotors through the Fanuc SERVOGUIDE software. The instantaneous current data captured through the software is utilized for determining the instantaneous torque developed by the feed motor and instantaneous cutting forces have been estimated by using force and torque models. Practical issues calculating cutting force using motor current on a commercial machining center is also carried out. The experimental methodology involved estimation of torque consumption by the motor, first during idle movement and second during actual machining of the component. The machining of the components using standard cutting condition has been carried out and the cutting force estimated using the above method were validated by comparing the cutting force data derived from an accurate dynamometer for similar cutting condition. Practical experimental results are found to be in agreement with the estimated value to an accuracy of ± 10%. This proves indirect measurement is quite reasonable and economical and it has an important application value with high compatibility and stability

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Not AvailableThe complete genome of Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV), a Potyvirus belonging to the family Potyviridae causing chlorotic streak disease of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) in India was determined for the first time from a naturally infected cardamom var. Njallani Green Gold through reverse transcription PCR using nine sets of primers designed to different overlapping regions of the genome. The complete genome has 9708 nucleotides excluding poly (A) tail and has the genome organization similar to that of BBrMV isolates infecting banana and flowering ginger (Alpinia purpurata). The virus has a single open reading frame of 9372 nucleotides that encodes for a polypeptide of 3124 amino acids which is later cleaved into ten matured proteins. The length and arrangements of different proteins in BBrMV-Cardamom was similar to other BBrMV isolates except for the P1 protein that showed a single amino acid deletion. Comparison with three available complete genome sequences revealed that, BBrMV-Cardamom isolate is more closer to BBrMV-Banana isolate from India (BBrMV-TRY) (96.7% identity) than to BBrMV- Banana isolate from Philippines and flowering ginger isolates from USA (94.5%). Analysis of polyprotein and their individual proteins also showed close identity of BBrMV-Cardamom and BBrMV-TRY. The phylogenetic analysis also suggested that BBrMV-Cardamom isolate is closely related to other BBrMV isolates.Not Availabl

Nestmate recognition by guards of the Asian hive bee Apis cerana

When a honey bee colony becomes queenless and broodless its only reproductive option is for some of its workers to produce sons before the colony perishes. However, for this to be possible the policing of worker-laid eggs must be curtailed and this provides the opportunity for queenless colonies to be reproductively parasitized by workers from other nests. Such reproductive parasitism is known to occur in Apis florea and A. cerana. Microsatellite analyses of worker samples have demonstrated that the proportion of non-natal workers present in an A. cerana colony declines after a colony is made queenless. This observation suggests that queenless A. cerana colonies may be more vigilant in repelling potentially parasitic non-natal workers than queenright colonies. We compared rates of nestmate and non-nestmate acceptance in both queenright and queenless A. cerana colonies using standard assays and showed that there is no statistical difference between the proportion of non-nestmate workers that are rejected in queenless and queenright colonies. We also show that, contrary to earlier reports, A. cerana guards are able to discriminate nestmate workers from non-nestmates, and that they reject significantly more non-nestmate workers than nestmate workers. © 2008 Birkhäuser Verlag

Optimization of Platinum dioxide properties by plasma oxidation of sputtered PtOx

We have previously used reactively sputtered Platinum oxide thin film as DNA sensing element. In this work, we subject the reactively sputtered Platinum oxide thin films to an additional RIE step for 3, 6 and 9 min and carry out a detailed comparative study of the material and electrical properties of these films. XRD and XPS analysis revealed that when the reactively sputtered Platinum oxide film was subjected to RIE step for longer periods of time, it became progressively α-PtO2 in nature. Activation energies of 0.24 eV, 0.26 eV, 0.29 eV and 0.31 eV were obtained for the as deposited film and the films subjected to RIE step for 3, 6 and 9 min respectively. The Hall mobility of the as deposited Platinum oxide film was found to be 32.15 cm2V−1s−1 at room temperature. However, when the as deposited film was subjected to RIE step for 9 min the mobility value rises to as high as 136.13 cm2V−1s−1 at room temperature

Endoscopic Resection with Ligation Using a Multi-Band Mucosectomy System in Barrett's Esophagus with High-Grade Dysplasia and Intramucosal Carcinoma

Background: Endoscopic therapy for early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) is evolving. Endoscopic resection has an increasing role. We wanted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of multi-band ligation/resection [ER-L] without pre-injection in BE with high-grade dysplasia [HGD] and intramucosal carcinoma [IMCA]