Comparison of CSMA based MAC protocols of wireless sensor networks

Energy conservation has been an important area of interest in Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs). Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols play an important role in energy conservation. In this paper, we describe CSMA based MAC protocols for WSN and analyze the simulation results of these protocols. We implemented S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC, B-MAC+, X-MAC, DMAC and Wise-MAC in TOSSIM, a simulator which unlike other simulators simulates the same code running on real hardware. Previous surveys mainly focused on the classification of MAC protocols according to the techniques being used or problem dealt with and presented a theoretical evaluation of protocols. This paper presents the comparative study of CSMA based protocols for WSNs, showing which MAC protocol is suitable in a particular environment and supports the arguments with the simulation results. The comparative study can be used to find the best suited MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks in different environments.Comment: International Journal of AdHoc Network Systems, Volume 2, Number 2, April 201

The economics of reducing emissions from community managed forests in Nepal Himalaya

The climate change agenda is more important in global politics today than ever\ud before. This research set out to examine whether community forest management\ud (CFM) can play a signifi cant role in reducing global emissions, by taking Nepal’s\ud community forestry sector as a case. The thesis selects three community managed\ud forests in Nepal’s Himalaya region to investigate the extent to which management\ud of such forests by the local communities can successfully contribute towards\ud reducing global atmospheric CO2 concentration (Chapter 1). The results of this\ud analysis are used to make policy recommendations as regards the formulation of\ud the new climate treaty that is expected to replace the Kyoto Protocol (KP) after\ud 2012.\ud The thesis shows that climate change can be viewed essentially as a market\ud failure and explains that, as a result, global efforts to mitigate this change are\ud also based on market mechanisms. It is certainly expected that the new treaty to\ud replace the KP will be also market oriented. Climate is a global public good or\ud common resource that requires international management, so the nations have\ud jointly developed the KP to combat the dangers of climate change by regulating\ud emissions. This has largely been done through a cap-and-trade mechanism. This\ud limits the emission levels a country or an industry can emit and then allows\ud individual countries or fi rms to buy and sell credits

Spin-charge and spin-orbital coupling effects on spin dynamics in ferromagnetic manganites

Correlation-induced spin-charge and spin-orbital coupling effects on spin dynamics in ferromagnetic manganites are calculated with realistic parameters in order to provide a quantitative comparison with experimental results for spin stiffness, magnon dispersion, magnon damping, anomalous zone-boundary magnon softening, and Curie temperature. The role of orbital degeneracy, orbital ordering, and orbital correlations on spin dynamics in different doping regimes is highlighted.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure

Characteristics of COPD phenotypes classified according to the findings of HRCT and spirometric indices and its correlation to clinical characteristics

Introduction: In recent years, there has been increasing interest in diagnosing various components of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The present study was undertaken to evaluate HRCT features in patients with COPD.Materials and methods: Fifty patients of COPD (confirmed on Spirometry as per the GOLD guidelines 2014 guidelines) were enrolled, out of which 35 patients got a HRCT done. The Philips computer program for lung densitometry was used with these limits (-800/-1, 024 Hounsfield unit [HU]) to calculate densities, after validating densitometry values with phantoms. We established the area with a free hand drawing of the region of interest, then we established limits (in HUs) and the computer program calculated the attenuation as mean lung density (MLD) of the lower and upper lobes.Results: There was a significant correlation between smoking index and anteroposterior tracheal diameter (P = 0.036). Tracheal index was found to be decreasing with increasing disease severity which was statistically significant (P = 0.037). A mild linear correlation of pre-forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was observed with lower lobe and total average MLD while a mild linear correlation of post-FEV1 was observed with both coronal (P = 0.042) and sagittal (P = 0.001) lower lobes MLD. In addition, there was a linear correlation between both pre (P = 0.050) and post (P = 0.024) FEV1/forced vital capacitywith sagittal lower lobe MLD.Conclusion: HRCT may be an important additional tool in the holistic evaluation of COPD.Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high resolution computed tomography, spirometry.

Recent Trends in Refractory Practice in the Non-Ferrous Industry

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Bee stings envenomation: a case report

Bee stings are common in rural areas where people are engaged in farming and other allied occupations. They are classified under organic irritant poisons of animal origin. Usually, bee stings result in pain, itching and swelling. Rarely, they may cause death due to severe anaphylaxis. We report a case of death of a 65 year old male who was found dead near farmlands outside village. More than 100 bee stingers were present in situ on body at places. They were barbed and lodged into flesh. On internal examination, both lungs were found congested and edematous. Laryngeal apparatus was edematous with multiple petechiae present. Trachea was filled with whitish froth. The cause of death was opined as death due to anaphylactic shock consequent upon antemortem multiple bee stings envenomation

The Implementation of Right to Information Act, 2005 in India

RTI Act is a milestone in the democracy of India as it has tried to build a new institutional mechanism for ensuring transparency and accountability in the functioning of public institutions. The crux of the RTI Act is to create an information dispensation regime in which information can be accessed by any citizen in an affordable manner. In India, the implementation of the RTI Act has been quite uneven across states. Nearly seven years have passed since the enactment of the Act but the implementation of the act has not been successful in the way it should have been. The present Research paper tries to assess the implementation of the Act in India with particular reference to the implementation in Jharkhand, a State of India. The paper concludes that there is less awareness, less usage of the act and the act has not led to much improvement in the information seeking and delivery mechanisms in the state. Keywords: Right to Information Act (RTI), Governance, Public Information Officer (PIO), Public Authority (PA)

Towards the synthesis of C43 to C51 unit of Amphidinol-3

369-375Towards the synthesis of C43 to C51 unit of Amphidinol-3 has been achieved following our recently developed protocol for the highly stereoselective synthesis of trans-2,6-disubstituted dihydropyran through tandem isomerization followed by C–O and C–C bond formation reaction as the key steps. The other important reactions involved are cross-metathesis (CM) reaction and Jin’s protocol

Training and Development and Job Satisfaction in Education Sector

High quality performance demanded by the consumers of higher education and confronted by rapid changes in knowledge, technology, and even by the way academic work is being conducted (i.e., in teams, electronically over great distances, etc.) higher educational institutions must redefine themselves and , in essence, that means the faculty must either face obsolescence or continuously be participating in developmental activities. Therefore, institutions of higher education must develop a sustained long term faculty development strategy to enable their valuable human resources to work effectively and accomplish the organizational goals that are necessary to survive in the rapidly changing environment of higher education. To achieve the competitive advantage and get the best results, organizations have to provide the means to upgrade their employees which they can best do by organizing training and development programs, which not only improve the employees’ skills but also enhance their performance, motivation and give a sense of job satisfaction to them.  This study investigates the relationship between training and development and Job Satisfaction in Education Sector. Keywords: Training and Development, Job Satisfaction, Education Sector, Higher Educatio