Role Of Bacteria And Their Enzymes In Degradation Of Azo Dyes: A Review

The azo dyes are aromatic compounds containing azo (–N=N–) groups enabling them to be potent in absorbing visible spectrum light. These are considered to be electron-deficient toxic effluents due to the non-biodegradability function allowed through azo linking bonds. The azo bonds make the concerned dye resistant for preventing its degradation by enzymes produced by microorganisms. The most potent enzyme till now found for azo dye reduction is a group of reductase enzyme called azoreductase that facilitate the reaction using some suitable cofactors. Several microorganisms, especially the bacteria are readily used for successful azoreductase enzymes activity in azo dye decolourization. These enzymes are mostly isolated from bacterial cells and are found to be highly effective in case of partial or complete removal of azo dyes. Thus, the reason for the current review relies on a comprehensive systematization of various bacteria those are responsible for production of azoreductase enzymes and their application in azo dye decolourization. This review also compiles different bacterial enzymes responsible for degradation of the toxic azo dyes

ISOLATION OF SOME POTENTIAL PHYTOCOMPOUNDS FROM ADHATODA VASICA THROUGH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS

  Objective: The aim of this study is to screen the medicinal compounds present in the leaves, shoots, and flowers of Adhatoda vasica by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Methods: Plant leaves, shoots, and flowers were collected, washed, shade dried, and powdered. Methanol extracts of all plant parts were prepared by soxhlation method. All the plant part extracts were analyzed for the identification of phytocompounds present in plant parts using GC-MS and matched by the National Institute of Standards and Technology library.Results: A wide range of fatty acids and the heterocyclic compound was identified which is responsible for antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antimycotic activity.Conclusion: The study concludes that A. vasica have many important important biologically compounds so it can be recommended as a plant of pharmaceutical importance

Biodeterioration of Polyethylene High Density by Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus terreus

The present article investigates the biodeterioration ability of polyethylene high density by Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus terreus. Shake flask incubation for 30 days was done for the purpose of biodeterioration of polyethylene high density. The observations were recorded for initial and final dry weight of polyethylene high density before and after incubation in the culture medium were compared the percentage of biodeterioration of polyethylene. The strongest ability was observed by Aspergillus terreus with 7.59% biodegradability followed by Aspergillus versicolor with 3.79% of biodegradability. In conclusion, Aspergillus terreus was found to be efficient organism that degraded the polyethylene high density with maximum biodegradability as compared to Aspergillus versicolor

Ecofriendly Synthesis of DHPMs using Copper-based Nano catalysts and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity

A new catalytic approach has been developed under microwave irradiation for the multicomponent reaction (MCR) of aromatic aldehydes, urea/thiourea and ethylacetoacetate to give corresponding dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) by using CuFe2O4/CuO-CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as heterogeneous and recyclable catalysts. 3, 4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H) ones/thiones are synthesized in higher yields (80-95 %) and short reaction time (8−10 minutes) at 245 Watts. It is applicable for both types of aromatic aldehydes containing EWS as well as EDS. Further, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and P. vulgaris. Among the compounds tested, ethyl-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylate, 4c showed response against B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and P. vulgaris and ethyl-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylate, 4h showed –ve response against E. coli, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and P. vulgaris

In vitro shoot proliferation in Emblica officinalis var. Balwant from nodal explants

394-397An efficient protocol for in vitro shoot proliferation of Emblica officinalis var. Balwant has been developed by using nodal explants. In vitro shoot proliferation from nodal explants have been observed by using MS, B₅ and WPM media. Amongst them, MS medium has been observed the best for shoot proliferation (63.3 %), while minimum phenol leaching (63.3 %) was observed on WPM medium. To enhance the shoot regenerative potential, explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various cytokinins, viz., BAP, Kn and TDZ. MS medium supplemented with BAP (4.44 μM /L) was observed the best among all cytokinins. As shoot proliferation depended upon the balance of cytokinins and auxins, and BAP was found ideal for shoot proliferation, additive effect of auxins – IAA, IBA and NAA was assessed at 4.44 μM /L conc. of BAP. Explants when cultured on MS + BAP (4.44 μM/L) with IBA (2.46 μM /L)) showed maximum percentage of shoots (85 %) with minimum callus formation (15%). Higher concentration of auxins suppressed the caulogenesis and induced callus formation

Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Novel Microbiological Method

The exploitation of various biomaterials for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is considered as green technology as it does not involve any harmful chemicals The present study reports the synthesis of copper nanoparticles which involves non pathogenic bacterial strain Pseudomonas stutzeri, isolated from soil These copper nanoparticles are further characterized for size and shape distributions by ultraviolet-visible spectros copy x ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques The results showed that the particles are spherical and quite stable in nature and shows surface plasmon resonance clearly featured in the optical spectra in visible region

<i style="">In vitro</i> propagation of<i style=""> Ceropegia bulbosa</i> using nodal segments

565-567In vitro propagation of Ceropegia bulbosa, a threatened species has been achieved, which could be used to conserve it. Initially, nutrient media used were basal MS medium and MS media supplemented with cytokinins, BAP (2.22-8.87 µM/L) or kinetin (2.32-9.29 µM/L) or TDZ (2.27-9.08 µM/L) with combination of GA (0.58 µM/L) and NAA (0.27 µM/L) Nodal explants were used for establishing in vitro cultures. Mercuric chloride eliminated the contamination effectively from nodal explants after treating with Bavistin and Streptomycin with a good survival rate. One or two buds developed from a node after two weeks. BAP (4.44 µM/L) with GA (0.58 µM/L) and NAA (0.27 µM/L) showed highest frequency of formation of shoots (85%). Microshoots were transferred on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxins IAA (2.85-11.42 µM/L) and NAA (2.69-10.74 µM/L) with BAP (3.55 µM/L) for rooting. IAA (11.42 µM/L) with BAP (3.55 µM/ L) showed highest rooting percentage. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized and hardened successfully within ten days of transferring them into plastic cups containing sterilized vermiculite for hardening

COVID-19 second wave with mucormycosis, a deadly combination: A systemic review

COVID-19 infection caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may be related to an extensive range of disease patterns encompassing from mild to deadly pneumonia. At present COVID-19 pandemic situation, mucormycosis is spreading very fast and has become a severe problem for people who suffered and recovered from COVID-19. For the present study, databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched and summarized. Low immunity, high use of corticosteroids, haematological malignancy and chemotherapy, poorly controlled diabetes, solid-organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy, on peritoneal dialysis, extensive skin injury, HIV infections predominantly provide suitable condition for infection of mucormycosis. This is especially challenging for people with hyperglycemia who are unable to manage their sugar levels during COVID-19. During the second wave of COVID-19, two forms of mucormycosis, rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis and pulmonary mucormycosis, have frequently been reported in active, recovering, or postdischarge COVID-19 patients. In maximum cases, lavage surgery may ultimately be mandatory to eradicate necrotic material on the skin. It can be treated with a proper antifungal treatment if the condition is detected at an early stage. In India, more than 51,775 cases of post-COVID-19 secondary infection of mucormycosis have been reported. There is no significant published data regarding coinfection in COVID-19 patients with systemic mycoses that led to serious difficulty and mortality till date. For general awareness of people, the present articles deal with COVID-19-associated high-risk coactive fungal infection, their mode of transmission, systemic position, symptoms, invasion type, and protocol use for the treatment

A Review: Biological Synthesis Of Silver And Copper Nanoparticles

The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles were known since ancient times and silver ions are widely used as bactericidal agent. Researchers have also recommended the use of silver and copper ions as superior disinfectants for wastewater generated from hospitals containing infectious microorganisms. A wide range of nanophasic and nanostructured particles are being fabricated globally with the aim of developing clean, nontoxic and eco-friendly technologies. Use of ambient biological resources in this area of science is rapidly gaining importance owing to its growing success and simplicity. Currently, simple prokaryotes to complex eukaryotic organisms including higher angiospermic plants are used for the fabrication of NPs. One area of untapped potential is the use of microbes to fabricate copper nanoparticles. We are working on this aspect and successfully fabricated spherical copper nanoparticles of size 4-10 nm. This article presents a review of the ambient biological systems for fabrication of these nanoparticles and development of an updated knowledge base