Triphenylarsine-Halogen Adducts and Related Compounds

Abstract Not Provided

The Effect of Storage, Processing and Enzyme Treatment on the Microstructure of Cloudy Spartan Apple Juice Particulate

The effect of blanching, post-harvest refrigerated (4C) storage and enzyme treatment with poly-galacturonase on the microstructure of Spartan apple juice was examined by thin sectioning and negative staining transmission electron microscopy. Particles were categrized as granules (3-54 nm), spheres (20-368 nm) and aggregates (12-2519 nm). Enzyme treatment with polygalacturonase significantly decreased granule size (P \u3c 0.01). Storage of apples significantly decreased both granule size (p \u3c 0.01) and aggregate length (p \u3c 0.05) and also resulted in a web-like aspect in the microscopic appearance of juice particulate. The web-like aspect of the particulate was removed either through enzyme treatment with polygalacturonase or by blanching. Blanching of puree significantly increased granule (p \u3c 0.05) and sphere size (p \u3c 0.01) while significantly decreasing aggregate length (p \u3c 0.01). In addition, blanching stabilized suspended particulate by what appeared to be the formation of a protective colloid which prevented particle aggregation through electrostatic repulsion

A higher order control volume based finite element method to prodict the deformation of heterogeneous materials

Materials with obvious internal structure can exhibit behaviour, under loading, that cannot be described by classical elasticity. It is therefore important to develop computational tools incorporating appropriate constitutive theories that can capture their unconventional behaviour. One such theory is micropolar elasticity. This paper presents a linear strain control volume finite element formulation incorporating micropolar elasticity. Verification results from a micropolar element patch test as well as convergence results for a stress concentration problem are included. The element will be shown to pass the patch test and also exhibit accuracy that is at least equivalent to its finite element counterpart

SEARCHING FOR SHARED MEANING: DEFINING AND MEASURING SUSTAINABILITY AS INSTITUTIONAL WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

About me In my schooling, worklife, and even childhood interests, the natural sciences played a big role. Although I certainly derived inherent satisfaction from many aspects of natural science, I was primarily motivated by an interest in engaging with environmental challenges, and believed that environmental sciences were essential to doing so. I believe in the value of environmental science to understand the natural environment, but I have seen very limited evidence of its value in changing organizational behaviour. My interest in sustainability reporting arose because it fit with my rationalistic understanding of integrating environmental information into organizational decision making and translating it to action. I became interested in the organizational literature because I wanted to better understand my own frustrating experiences of largely unsuccessful efforts to promote organizational engagement with sustainability. Purposes The main purposes of this dissertation roughly correspond to its central chapters. The purposes of Chapter 2 were to understand the term sustainability, and secondly, to present an alternative to ‘defining a term’ through denotation by documenting senses in use and their contexts. The purposes of Chapter 3 were to characterize the academic literature on sustainability reporting in higher education and the methods used to approach the problem. The purposes of Chapter 4 were simply to introduce the reader to an institutional perspective and help them through Chapter 5. The purposes of Chapter 5 were to understand the experiences of sustainability entrepreneurs with sustainability reporting at higher education institutions and to integrate organizational change literature (by sustainability entrepreneur, I mean someone who champions sustainability in an organizational context and in doing so, tries to engage with its institutions). Throughout the dissertation, I explore the value of collaborative approaches to resolving the uncertainty associated with complex problems. Approach I used multiple approaches. Throughout the dissertation, I used personal reflection, reading, and writing. To understand the meaning of sustainability, I drew on a semasiological approach to document and synthesize the many senses of the term. To understand the experiences of sustainability entrepreneurs with sustainability reporting in higher education institutions, I held semi-structured conversations with them and contextualized their experiences through institutional perspectives. I cited various literatures in this dissertation. To contextualize my exploration of the meaning of sustainability, I relied on the semantics and sustainability literatures. To explore the sustainability reporting in higher education literature, I read a set of articles that met search criteria, rather than a cohesive, distinct literature. To contextualize the experiences of sustainability entrepreneurs with sustainability reporting, I used the institutional literature. Findings Sustainability entrepreneurs tend to have reflected deeply on the meaning of sustainability, and used it in many senses, some of which reflected their efforts to communicate effectively in their organizational and social contexts. A linguistics approach helped to illustrate how senses evolved over time and in interactions with others to develop shared meaning. The emerging industry standard for sustainability reporting in higher education is the Sustainability Tracking, Assessment & Rating System (STARS). Scholarship had not contributed to its evolution or its evaluation. The broadest questions about sustainability reporting are over its effectiveness, which can only be addressed with a framework external to the sustainability report, ideally through rigorous scholarship. The scholarly literature had very little to contribute to these questions. For most sustainability entrepreneurs, although the outcome of reporting could enable formal organizational change initiatives, the greatest value tended to derive from the process of reporting. Sustainability reporting both enabled sustainability entrepreneurs to communicate using the rationalistic language of control and conferred legitimacy to sustainability initiatives. With that legitimacy, sustainability entrepreneurs could perform institutional work, using their creativity and empathic abilities to find shared meaning with their conversational partners, enabling individual and collective agency. Implications The sustainability challenge is a complex, intersubjective phenomena. We have traditionally engaged with the challenge through rationalistic approaches with—as yet—limited effectiveness. Collaborative approaches do not preclude or devalue rationalistic approaches; they recognize the reality that much of human and organizational behaviour is extrarational. Unsustainable practices have become institutionalized; challenging an institution requires developing agency. This exploration of the experiences of sustainability entrepreneurs suggests that collaboratively grounding reporting in the experiences of staff can enable more effective reporting, better practices, and more professionally fulfilled staff. Collaboration allows the integration of experiences, which can enable change in complex systems

"Responsible drinkers create all the atmosphere of a mortuary" : policy implementation of responsible drinking in Scotland

The purpose of this paper is to explore the reaction of customer facing staff and their attitude to the introduction of high profile corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes; in particular their level of awareness and willingness to implement them. Conducted using a series of site visits and interviews with managers working within the licensed trade, this was followed up with structured interviews of "front line" staff. Despite high levels of awareness of both the social problems relating to alcohol consumption and the legislative changes, engagement with operational CSR was limited and often disinterested. Legal and societal expectations regarding drunkenness are of little concern. This paper is concerned with nascent legislation, the full impact and success of which has not yet emerged. Reviewing this study in five years would add to the strength of the results. Limited to Scotland due to its devolved licensing laws, however, it clearly highlights lack of employee engagement with CSR. Despite placing CSR issues at the forefront of day to day operations within the licensed trade there is little empirical evidence around customer facing staff engagement. CSR is a dynamic process that relies on the involvement of employees for its successful implementation. A new CSR implementation matrix is presented which allows hospitality businesses to be positioned according to levels of both management and employee engagement with CSR policies

UAV mapping of rhizoctonia bare patch for targeted treatment

Rhizoctonia patches can be easily identified on both normal (RGB) and NDVI images captured by UAV. Mapping shows the pattern of patch distribution across a paddock, highlighting areas of crop with high and low levels of rhizoctonia patches