Beskrywing en evaluering van verskillende kategetiese beskouings met die oog op die formulering van basisteorieë vir die kategese

Description and evaluation of different catechetical ideas in order to formulate basic  theories for catechesis In order to formulate basic theories for catechesis various views are considered and evaluated in this article. The following basic theories are the  result of the evaluation: Catechesis is an act of communication founded on baptism in service to the gospel of Jesus Christ. It takes place in the form of instruction, with the  aid of curriculum models. It takes place during formal catechesis, but it is indirectly affiliated to other functions of the church. It is directed at children of the covenant, and  enlists their co-operation. It is ministered by parents, catechists, and the community of  the covenant, presenting the Bible as the word of God

Die ontstaan en inrigting van die SVTT (Praktiese Opleiding) van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika aan die Universiteit van Pretoria

The inception and establishment of the Centre for Continued Theological Education (Practical Training) of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika at the University of PretoriaDuring 1988 the Curriculum Committee of the Faculty of Theology (Sec A) launched an in-depth investigation into the training of ministers of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika. With a view to maintaining the practical and academical training standards, it was decided to provide for more practical training to take place at the Centre for Continued Theological Education (CCTE). During 1989 this decision culminated in a second division of the CCTE which started to provide this important supplement to the existing curriculum, known as Practical Training. This division has since been called the CCTE (Practical Training) Department

Op pad na ’n nuwe bedieningstruktuur: ’n Analise van die gemeente as deel van hierdie proses

Heading toward new ministerial structures: A situationanalysis of the local congregationAccording to 2 Corinthians 3:18 the church has the instruction to be transformed so to become part of the body of Christ more and more. But it does happen thatthe church stagnate in its ministry. The purpose of the subject Church Growth is to adress this problem. One phase of this subject is the analysis of the situation inthe local church. The purpose of the analysis is to systematically look at the situation in a congregation of the church and then to identify problems that stand in theway of fulfilling of the Biblical command. The situation- analysis can not be done at random, but must be planned carefully. This study gives attention to a plannedsituation-analysis of the local church

Die laerskoolkind in die erediens: 'n evaluering van beskouings in Afrikaanssprekende kerke in Suid- Afrika

The child on the elementary-school level and ecclesiasti-cal worship. The article invesigates the role of the child on the elementary-school level in ecclesiastical worship. Two diferent points of view are evaluated: the traditional view of complete accommodation and simultaneous but separate meetings for children and adults respectively. The conclusion that it is not the attendance of a church service as such that is important, but the expeience of worshipping, also by children. As with adults' the Holy Spirit plays a prominent role. As far as children are concerned, parents and catechists should be equipped by the church to lead children meaningfully with a view to deepen participation in the service

Source apportionment of ambient PM10−2.5 and PM2.5 for the Vaal Triangle, South Africa

The Vaal Triangle Airshed Priority Area (VTAPA), like other priority areas in South Africa, has an air pollution problem. Understanding the sources contributing to air pollution in this priority area will assist in the selection and implementation of appropriate control strategies. For this study, aerosol samples in the coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) fraction were collected at four sites in the VTAPA during summer/autumn, winter, and spring. The contributing sources were identified and characterised based on the elemental and ionic compositions obtained through X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography analysis. The highest seasonal median concentrations of PM10-2.5 (116 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (88 μg/m3) were observed in Sharpeville during the winter. The lowest median concentrations of PM10-2.5 (25 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (18 μg/m3) were detected in Zamdela during the summer/autumn period. At all sites, there was a high abundance of crustal elements in PM10-2.5 and a dominance of coal and biomass combustion-related elements in PM2.5. The Positive Matrix Factorisation receptor model identified dust-related and secondary aerosols as the major contributing sources of PM10-2.5. PM2.5 contributions were predominantly from coal burning for Sebokeng and Sharpeville and from industry, wood and biomass burning, and secondary aerosols for Kliprivier and Zamdela. The results of this study identify the main sources contributing to particulate air pollution in the VTAPA and provide local authorities with valuable information for decision-making.Significance: Dust, industry, domestic coal burning, vehicles, and wood and biomass combustion are the key sources of particulate air pollution in the VTAPA that need to be prioritised by decision-makers. Although Sebokeng and Sharpeville are located within the vicinity of industries, domestic coal burning has a greater contribution to particulate loading at these sites. Results from this study will assist in the design of local municipality air quality management plans for the VTAPA

Chemical composition of rain at a regional site on the South African Highveld

Relatively limited data have been published on the chemical composition of wet deposition for South Africa, which is considered an important source region for atmospheric pollutants. Concentrations and wet deposition fluxes of ionic species determined in rain samples collected from December 2014 to April 2018 at a regional site, Welgegund, are presented, and contextualised by wet deposition composition in the northeastern interior of South Africa. 89% of rain samples collected during the sampling period complied with the data quality objectives of the World Meteorological Organisation. The total ionic concentration of rainwater at Welgegund was similar to that at two regional sites located within proximity of industrial activities. The pH of rainwater (4.80) was comparable to that determined at two rural background sites, which indicated increased neutralisation. Similarly to the other sites located in the South African interior, SO42- was the most abundant species in rain, with concentrations thereof in the same order as SO42- levels determined at the two industrially influenced sites. Lower sulphur and nitrogen fluxes at Welgegund were attributed to lower average annual rainfall. The anthropogenic (industrial) source group had the largest contribution to wet deposition chemical composition, which signified the influence of major source regions in the South African interior that impact Welgegund. Relatively large contributions were also calculated from marine and crustal sources. The influence of agricultural activities was also evident, while biomass burning had the lowest contribution due to open biomass burning occurring mainly during the dry seasonPeer reviewe

Management for improved water use efficiency in the dry areas of Africa and West Asia: proceedings of a Workshop, Ankara, Turkey, 22-26 Apr 2002

This is a report of the 2002 workshop of the Optimizing Soil Water Use (OSWU) Consortium, held in Ankara, Turkey. It describes OSWU research in West Asia (Jordan, Syria, Turkey), North Africa (Morocco), Southern Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe), and West Africa (Burkina Faso, Niger). The consortium aims at developing and disseminating effective and practical solutions for resource-poor farmers, being aware of the uncertainties of applying classical principles of soil-crop- water relations in arid and semi-arid environments. Reports from Morocco, Turkey, Jordan and South Africa confirm the effectiveness of some existing technologies, including the use of mulches to reduce soil evaporation or runoff, sometimes combined with use of soil fertility inputs to improve water use efficiency. Other papers describe a new quality indicator to assess land degradation, the use of new decision support tools, and modeling techniques to improve research efficiency and increase the effectiveness of farmer participatory research. ICARDA and ICRISAT report on new developments within the international research centers that are now ready for testing by NARS partners in their environments. Proposals for new work were presented and approved, with the emphasis on better transfer of methods to improve soil water use, and evaluating the impact of past research projects. In recognition of the current turbulent times, and the unlikelihood of increased resources for agricultural research in dry areas, OSWU partners developed a strategic plan to achieve greater impact; this plan is outlined

Carbon balance of a grazed savanna grassland ecosystem in South Africa

Tropical savannas and grasslands are estimated to contribute significantly to the total primary production of all terrestrial vegetation. Large parts of African savannas and grasslands are used for agriculture and cattle grazing, but the carbon flux data available from these areas are limited. This study explores carbon dioxide fluxes measured with the eddy covariance method for 3 years at a grazed savanna grassland in Welgegund, South Africa. The tree cover around the measurement site, grazed by cattle and sheep, was around 15 %. The night-time respiration was not significantly dependent on either soil moisture or soil temperature on a weekly temporal scale, whereas on an annual timescale higher respiration rates were observed when soil temperatures were higher. The carbon dioxide balances of the years 2010-2011, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 were 85 +/- 16, 67 +/- 20 and 139 +/- 13 gCm(-2) yr(-1), respectively. The yearly variation was largely determined by the changes in the early wet season fluxes (September to November) and in the mid-growing season fluxes (December to January). Early rainfall enhanced the respiratory capacity of the ecosystem throughout the year, whereas during the mid-growing season high rainfall resulted in high carbon uptake.Peer reviewe

Ambient aromatic hydrocarbon measurements at Welgegund, South Africa

Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with direct adverse human health effects and can have negative impacts on ecosystems due to their toxicity, as well as indirect negative effects through the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol, which affect human health, crop production and regional climate. Measurements of aromatic hydrocarbons were conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa), which is considered to be a regionally representative background site. However, the site is occasionally impacted by plumes from major anthropogenic source regions in the interior of South Africa, which include the western Bushveld Igneous Complex (e.g. platinum, base metal and ferrochrome smelters), the eastern Bushveld Igneous Complex (platinum and ferrochrome smelters), the Johannesburg–Pretoria metropolitan conurbation (> 10 million people), the Vaal Triangle (e.g. petrochemical and pyrometallurgical industries), the Mpumalanga Highveld (e.g. coal-fired power plants and petrochemical industry) and also a region of anticyclonic recirculation of air mass over the interior of South Africa. The aromatic hydrocarbon measurements were conducted with an automated sampler on Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B adsorbent tubes with heated inlet for 1 year. Samples were collected twice a week for 2 h during daytime and 2 h during night-time. A thermal desorption unit, connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector was used for sample preparation and analysis. Results indicated that the monthly median (mean) total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations ranged between 0.01 (0.011) and 3.1 (3.2) ppb. Benzene levels did not exceed the local air quality standard limit, i.e. annual mean of 1.6 ppb. Toluene was the most abundant compound, with an annual median (mean) concentration of 0.63 (0.89) ppb. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations measured during daytime and night-time were found, and no distinct seasonal patterns were observed. Air mass back trajectory analysis indicated that the lack of seasonal cycles could be attributed to patterns determining the origin of the air masses sampled. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in general significantly higher in air masses that passed over anthropogenically impacted regions. Inter-compound correlations and ratios gave some indications of the possible sources of the different aromatic hydrocarbons in the source regions defined in the paper. The highest contribution of aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to ozone formation potential was also observed in plumes passing over anthropogenically impacted regions