Repercussões oculares e perioculares da leishmaniose visceral em cães

A leishmaniose visceral canina é considerada um problema de saúde pública por ser uma zoonose, e potencialmente fatal se não tratada. É causada pelo protozoário intracelular do gênero Leishmania, e os principais reservatórios são os cães domésticos. A transmissão da doença ocorre pela inoculação do agente no hospedeiro através do inseto hematófago. As manifestações clínicas são variadas, e as repercussões oculares são frequentes em cães infectados, podendo cursar, em alguns casos, de modo isolado ou associado a outras alterações sistêmicas. Blefarite, uveíte anterior e conjuntivite são os sinais oculares comumente relatados; porém, alterações menos frequentes como coriorretinite, descolamento de retina, celulite orbitária, glaucoma e catarata também podem ocorrer. O diagnóstico clínico da leishmaniose visceral canina é difícil devido à diversidade de sinais. Com isso, sorologia, exames parasitológicos e moleculares são necessários para confirmação diagnóstica. Objetiva-se realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a leishmaniose visceral em cães e abordar os principais aspectos relacionados às repercussões oculares e perioculares ocasionadas por essa afecção. Com base no que foi pesquisado, é possível concluir que esta doença apresenta lesões oculares importantes em animais infectados. Por esse motivo, principalmente em áreas endêmicas, cães com manifestações oculares e perioculares características do segmento anterior do globo ocular e de lesões nos anexos oculares devem ser submetidos à exame oftálmico completo para diagnóstico diferencial de leishmaniose visceral canina.Canine visceral leishmaniasis is considered a public health problem since it is a zoonosis, and potentially deadly if left untreated. It is caused by the intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, and domestic dogs are its main reservoir. Transmission occurs by inoculation of the agent into the host through hematophagus insect vectors. Clinical manifestations are varied, and ocular repercussions are frequent in infected dogs, whether isolated or accompanying systemic diseases in some cases. Although the most commonly reported signs are blepharitis, anterior uveitis and conjunctivitis, other and less frequent alterations such as chorioretinitis, retinal detachment, orbital cellulitis, glaucoma and cataract may also occur. Clinical diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis is difficult due to the varied presentations. Therefore, serology, parasitological and molecular exams are necessary for confirmation. This study aims to do a literature review on visceral leishmaniasis in dogs and the main aspects related to ocular and periocular repercussions caused by this disease. Based on the researched material, it is possible to conclude that this disease presents important ocular lesions in affected animals. For this reason, especially in endemic areas, dogs with characteristic ocular and periocular manifestations of the anterior segment of the eye globe and lesions of the ocular annexes must undergo complete ophthalmologic evaluation for differential diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis

Coloração da cápsula anterior da lente de equinos (Equus caballus) com três concentrações de violeta genciana : estudo ex vivo

O uso de corantes vitais tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para melhorar a visualização da cápsula anterior da lente em cirurgias de catarata. A utilização da coloração também é empregada nos treinamentos de wet labs de facoemulsificação, para facilitar a prática cirúrgica e a aquisição de habilidades da capsulotomia anterior. Objetivou-se avaliar e comparar a eficácia de três concentrações de violeta genciana (0,5%, 0,1% e 0,05%) para coloração da cápsula anterior da lente de equinos, com a finalidade de treinamento cirúrgico da capsulotomia curvilínea contínua (CCC) para facoemulsificação. Foram coletados 36 olhos de equinos post mortem. Os olhos foram subdivididos em três grupos composto de 12 olhos cada, de acordo com a concentração de violeta genciana utilizada. A capsulotomia anterior foi realizada após coloração com auxílio de cistítimo através da técnica de céu aberto, sob a magnificação de um microscópio cirúrgico. A avaliação da eficácia da coloração da cápsula anterior da lente pelas diferentes concentrações de violeta genciana ocorreu por um sistema empírico de avaliação em coloração adequada ou não adequada dos retalhos capsulares. Com base na avaliação dos examinadores, as concentrações de 0,1% e 0,05% de violeta genciana possibilitaram uma visualização adequada da cápsula anterior para treinamento da CCC, enquanto a concentração 0,5% de violeta produziu uma forte e inadequada coloração capsular. O método de treinamento descrito é uma ferramenta útil, econômica e altamente fidedigna para treinamento cirúrgico de capsulotomia curvilínea contínua. A coloração da cápsula anterior com violeta genciana a 0,1% e 0,05% permite uma visualização nítida do retalho capsular e facilita a prática da CCC.The use of vital stains has become an essential tool to improve visualization of the anterior lens capsule in cataract surgery. The use of coloring is also used in training phacoemulsification wet labs, to facilitate surgical practice and the acquisition of anterior capsulotomy skills. The objective was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of three concentrations of gentian violet (0.5%, 0.1% and 0.05%) for staining the anterior capsule of the lens in horses, with the purpose of surgical training in continuous curvilinear capsulotomy for phacoemulsification. Were collected 36 eyes of horses post mortem. The eyes were subdivided into three groups composed of 12 eyes each, according to the concentration of gentian violet used. The anterior capsulotomy was performed after staining with the aid of the cyst using the open sky technique, under the magnification of a surgical microscope. The evaluation of the effectiveness of staining the anterior capsule of the lens with different concentrations of gentian violet was carried out using an empirical system of evaluation of adequate or inadequate staining of capsular flaps. Based on the examiners' assessment, the 0.1% and 0.05% concentrations of gentian violet provided adequate visualization of the anterior capsule for CCC training, whereas the 0.5% concentration of violet produced inadequate, strong capsular staining. The described training method is a useful, cost-effective, and highly reliable tool for surgical training in continuous curvilinear capsulotomy. Staining the anterior capsule with 0.1% and 0.05% gentian violet allows clear visualization of the capsular flap and facilitates the practice of CCC

Morphology of Endothelial Cells from Different Regions of the Swine Cornea

Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-month-old, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Normal endothelium cells were mainly hexagonal (83.7%), pentagonal (7.45%) and heptagonal (8.8%), with a minimal number of cells of other shapes present. There were no significant statistical differences in the proportion of the morphology and the different regions of the cornea (P = 0.31).Discussion: Different techniques are available for the analysis of corneal endothelium, including mainly scanning electron microscopy, specular microscopy and optical microscopy. The analysis of the morphology of corneal endothelium with an optic microscope after staining with alizarin red has been described as an effective, rapid and cost-efficient method, since this dye blends the borated cells, allowing identification. In the present study, using optical microscopy and coloration with alizarin red it was possible to explore and to obtain images of the swine endothelium of all regions of the cornea.  The analysis of the cellular morphology or the percentage of hexagonal cells are among the main parameters used to evaluate the health of the corneal endothelium. In this study, the endothelium had the predominance of the hexagonal shape in all regions studied. In swine, there are no studies evaluating the shape of the endothelial cells in the five different regions of the cornea. This study has demonstrated that the parameters evaluated in swine did not differ significantly between the various places of the cornea

Morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea

Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-monthold, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Normal endothelium cells were mainly hexagonal (83.7%), pentagonal (7.45%) and heptagonal (8.8%), with a minimal number of cells of other shapes present. There were no significant statistical differences in the proportion of the morphology and the different regions of the cornea (P = 0.31). Discussion: Different techniques are available for the analysis of corneal endothelium, including mainly scanning electron microscopy, specular microscopy and optical microscopy. The analysis of the morphology of corneal endothelium with an optic microscope after staining with alizarin red has been described as an effective, rapid and cost-efficient method, since this dye blends the borated cells, allowing identification. In the present study, using optical microscopy and coloration with alizarin red it was possible to explore and to obtain images of the swine endothelium of all regions of the cornea. The analysis of the cellular morphology or the percentage of hexagonal cells are among the main parameters used to evaluate the health of the corneal endothelium. In this study, the endothelium had the predominance of the hexagonal shape in all regions studied. In swine, there are no studies evaluating the shape of the endothelial cells in the five different regions of the cornea. This study has demonstrated that the parameters evaluated in swine did not differ significantly between the various places of the cornea

Increased Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in a FeLV-Positive Cat

Background: Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is an oncogenic virus that usually invades bone marrow causing non-regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia. In FeLV positive cats, the myeloid leukemia is characterized by intense proliferation of blast cells in a bone marrow with myeloid precursor predominance and several malignancies degree. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is found secondary granules of mature neutrophils of humans, horses and cows but not in dogs and cats,which demonstrate the enzyme activity in myeloblast and promyeloblasts cells. In this case is describing a FeLV-positive case with leukemic disorder accompanied by extremely high levels of serum alkaline phosphatase.Case: A 8-year-old castrated male Domestic Short Hair cat with a 3-month history of convulsions, pica, vomits, lethargy, hypodipsia and anorexia was examined and showed mild dehydration, severe jaundice and hyperpnoea. Laboratory results evidenced severe normocytic hypochromic non-regenerative anemia, moderated leukocytosis with severe degenerativeneutrophil left shift, moderated lymphocytosis and severe thrombocytopenia. Serum biochemical profle showed mild hyperalbuminemia, moderated increment in alanine transaminase and severe increment in alkaline phosphatese. The cat waspositive for ELISA point of care FeLV antigen and negative for FIV antibodies. Urinalysis revealed moderated bilirubinuria and proteinuria. The bone marrow cytology showed high cellularity, increased of M:E ratio, rare megakaryocyte lineage, erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia with blast excess and dysgranulopoiesis.Discussion: FeLV is a virus that usually causes cytopenias and in this case this was well evidenced through a severe non regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia. Generally, anemia is a non-neoplastic complication of FeLV mainly related to suppressive effects hematopoietic and stromal cells of the bone marrow. Nevertheless, in this case, the anemia also maybe attributable to the observed acute myeloid leukemia. Neutrophilia is an uncommon fnding in FeLV-infected cats, even more with the severe degenerative left shift as in the present case. This fnding could be associated to a myeloid hyperplasia. Some biochemical alterations, as hyperalbuminemia and increment in values of serum ALT could be explained by clinical observations like dehydration and some degree of hepatic enlargement, respectively. However, the excessive value forserum alkaline phosphatase activity is an unpublished fnding in cats. In humans high levels of ALP has been associated with neutrophilia and it is quite likely that a great amount of degenerative neutrophils may contribute for high leakage of ALP than in other circumstances of neutrophilia. This is the frst report of a FeLV-positive cat exhibiting extremely high serum values of the enzyme ALP, possibly attributable to acute myeloid leukemia.Keywords: neutrophilia, cytopenia, non-regenerative anemia, acute leukemia

Repercussões oculares e perioculares da leishmaniose visceral em cães

A leishmaniose visceral canina é considerada um problema de saúde pública por ser uma zoonose, e potencialmente fatal se não tratada. É causada pelo protozoário intracelular do gênero Leishmania, e os principais reservatórios são os cães domésticos. A transmissão da doença ocorre pela inoculação do agente no hospedeiro através do inseto hematófago. As manifestações clínicas são variadas, e as repercussões oculares são frequentes em cães infectados, podendo cursar, em alguns casos, de modo isolado ou associado a outras alterações sistêmicas. Blefarite, uveíte anterior e conjuntivite são os sinais oculares comumente relatados; porém, alterações menos frequentes como coriorretinite, descolamento de retina, celulite orbitária, glaucoma e catarata também podem ocorrer. O diagnóstico clínico da leishmaniose visceral canina é difícil devido à diversidade de sinais. Com isso, sorologia, exames parasitológicos e moleculares são necessários para confirmação diagnóstica. Objetiva-se realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a leishmaniose visceral em cães e abordar os principais aspectos relacionados às repercussões oculares e perioculares ocasionadas por essa afecção. Com base no que foi pesquisado, é possível concluir que esta doença apresenta lesões oculares importantes em animais infectados. Por esse motivo, principalmente em áreas endêmicas, cães com manifestações oculares e perioculares características do segmento anterior do globo ocular e de lesões nos anexos oculares devem ser submetidos à exame oftálmico completo para diagnóstico diferencial de leishmaniose visceral canina.Canine visceral leishmaniasis is considered a public health problem since it is a zoonosis, and potentially deadly if left untreated. It is caused by the intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, and domestic dogs are its main reservoir. Transmission occurs by inoculation of the agent into the host through hematophagus insect vectors. Clinical manifestations are varied, and ocular repercussions are frequent in infected dogs, whether isolated or accompanying systemic diseases in some cases. Although the most commonly reported signs are blepharitis, anterior uveitis and conjunctivitis, other and less frequent alterations such as chorioretinitis, retinal detachment, orbital cellulitis, glaucoma and cataract may also occur. Clinical diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis is difficult due to the varied presentations. Therefore, serology, parasitological and molecular exams are necessary for confirmation. This study aims to do a literature review on visceral leishmaniasis in dogs and the main aspects related to ocular and periocular repercussions caused by this disease. Based on the researched material, it is possible to conclude that this disease presents important ocular lesions in affected animals. For this reason, especially in endemic areas, dogs with characteristic ocular and periocular manifestations of the anterior segment of the eye globe and lesions of the ocular annexes must undergo complete ophthalmologic evaluation for differential diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis

Morphology of Endothelial Cells from Different Regions of the Swine Cornea

Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-month-old, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05. Normal endothelium cells were mainly hexagonal (83.7%), pentagonal (7.45%) and heptagonal (8.8%), with a minimal number of cells of other shapes present. There were no significant statistical differences in the proportion of the morphology and the different regions of the cornea (P = 0.31).Discussion: Different techniques are available for the analysis of corneal endothelium, including mainly scanning electron microscopy, specular microscopy and optical microscopy. The analysis of the morphology of corneal endothelium with an optic microscope after staining with alizarin red has been described as an effective, rapid and cost-efficient method, since this dye blends the borated cells, allowing identification. In the present study, using optical microscopy and coloration with alizarin red it was possible to explore and to obtain images of the swine endothelium of all regions of the cornea.  The analysis of the cellular morphology or the percentage of hexagonal cells are among the main parameters used to evaluate the health of the corneal endothelium. In this study, the endothelium had the predominance of the hexagonal shape in all regions studied. In swine, there are no studies evaluating the shape of the endothelial cells in the five different regions of the cornea. This study has demonstrated that the parameters evaluated in swine did not differ significantly between the various places of the cornea

Increased Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in a FeLV-Positive Cat

Background: Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is an oncogenic virus that usually invades bone marrow causing non-regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia. In FeLV positive cats, the myeloid leukemia is characterized by intense proliferation of blast cells in a bone marrow with myeloid precursor predominance and several malignancies degree. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is found secondary granules of mature neutrophils of humans, horses and cows but not in dogs and cats,which demonstrate the enzyme activity in myeloblast and promyeloblasts cells. In this case is describing a FeLV-positive case with leukemic disorder accompanied by extremely high levels of serum alkaline phosphatase.Case: A 8-year-old castrated male Domestic Short Hair cat with a 3-month history of convulsions, pica, vomits, lethargy, hypodipsia and anorexia was examined and showed mild dehydration, severe jaundice and hyperpnoea. Laboratory results evidenced severe normocytic hypochromic non-regenerative anemia, moderated leukocytosis with severe degenerativeneutrophil left shift, moderated lymphocytosis and severe thrombocytopenia. Serum biochemical profle showed mild hyperalbuminemia, moderated increment in alanine transaminase and severe increment in alkaline phosphatese. The cat waspositive for ELISA point of care FeLV antigen and negative for FIV antibodies. Urinalysis revealed moderated bilirubinuria and proteinuria. The bone marrow cytology showed high cellularity, increased of M:E ratio, rare megakaryocyte lineage, erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia with blast excess and dysgranulopoiesis.Discussion: FeLV is a virus that usually causes cytopenias and in this case this was well evidenced through a severe non regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia. Generally, anemia is a non-neoplastic complication of FeLV mainly related to suppressive effects hematopoietic and stromal cells of the bone marrow. Nevertheless, in this case, the anemia also maybe attributable to the observed acute myeloid leukemia. Neutrophilia is an uncommon fnding in FeLV-infected cats, even more with the severe degenerative left shift as in the present case. This fnding could be associated to a myeloid hyperplasia. Some biochemical alterations, as hyperalbuminemia and increment in values of serum ALT could be explained by clinical observations like dehydration and some degree of hepatic enlargement, respectively. However, the excessive value forserum alkaline phosphatase activity is an unpublished fnding in cats. In humans high levels of ALP has been associated with neutrophilia and it is quite likely that a great amount of degenerative neutrophils may contribute for high leakage of ALP than in other circumstances of neutrophilia. This is the frst report of a FeLV-positive cat exhibiting extremely high serum values of the enzyme ALP, possibly attributable to acute myeloid leukemia.Keywords: neutrophilia, cytopenia, non-regenerative anemia, acute leukemia