Reconocimiento viral por el sistema inmune innato: papel de los receptores de reconocimiento de patrones

Pattern recognition receptors are the main sensors of the innate immune response. Their function is to recognize pathogenassociated molecular patterns, which are molecules essential for the survival of microbial pathogens, but are not produced by the host. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors leads to the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and co-stimulatory molecules that eliminate pathogens, such as viruses, for the activation of antigen presenting cells and for the activation of specific adaptive immunity. Among the most thoroughly studied pattern recognition receptors implicated in viral infections, there are the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the RNA helicase-type retinoic acidinducible gene-1 receptors [or RIG-like receptors (RLRs)]. Moreover, other proteins such as PKR, 2’-5’ OAS, and ADAR also act as effector proteins in antiviral responses. The identification and characterization of pattern recognition receptors have contributed to our knowledge of the role of innate immunity in viral infections and has led us to better understand hostpathogen interactions. The most recent findings concerning the role of TLRs and RLRs in viral infections, the molecular mechanisms of viral ligand recognition through pattern recognition receptors, and the activation of their signaling pathways are discussed in this review. Los receptores de reconocimiento de patrones (PRR) son los principales sensores de la respuesta inmune innata. Su función es reconocer moléculas indispensables para la sobrevivencia de los patógenos, conocidas como patrones moleculares asociados a patógenos (PAMP). El reconocimiento de los PAMP por los PRR conlleva a la expresión de citoquinas, quimioquinas, y moléculas coestimuladoras implicadas en la eliminación de patógenos como virus, en la activación de células presentadoras de antígenos y en la inducción de una inmunidad adaptativa específica. Entre los PRR mejor descritos y con implicaciones en infecciones virales se encuentran los receptores tipo toll (TLR) y receptores tipo RNA helicasas inducibles por ácido retinoico (RLR); además las proteínas efectoras PKR, 2´- 5´ OAS y ADAR también participan activamente en la respuesta antiviral. La descripción y caracterización de los PRR ha contribuido enormemente al entendimiento del papel de la respuesta inmune innata en las infecciones virales y han sido usados para comprender mejor las interacciones hospederopatógenos. Se discuten en la presente revisión los más recientes conocimientos de los TLR y RLR, el mecanismo de reconocimiento de los virus vía PRRs y las vías de señalización activadas por dicho reconocimiento

DYNAMIC CORRECTION OF POSTURAL KYPHOSIS

Many American adults in today's society spend extended periods of time hunched over a computer or phone. This hunched position weakens the upper posterior muscles that support the shoulder and neck prompting muscle imbalance. Specifically, the lower trapezius and clavicle flexor muscles become too weak while the pectoral and upper trapezius muscles become too tight leading to the condition known as postural kyphosis or, more commonly, rounded shoulders. Our project aimed to design, build, and test a device able to treat and correct postural kyphosis through sensorimotor training. While the effectiveness of this device was determined through a short-term biomechanical validation processes, we recommend further testing to gather the long-term effects of use

Assessing Current Information Delivery for the Visually Impaired

In Denmark, digitization has led to the decline of the "talking newspaper" compact disc (CD) mailing system, resulting in an information gap for the visually impaired. Sponsored by the Danish Association of the Blind (DAB), this report aims to recommend approaches for the timely distribution of DAISY formatted current information to the visually impaired. By communicating with various organizations and conducting a device evaluation with the visually impaired themselves, we recommended a multi-system approach with calling, assistive technology (AT), and smartphone compatibility, an active teaching and awareness program, and a collaboration between organizations for distributing current information effectively to the visually impaired