A jet-cloud interaction in 3C34 at redshift z = 0.69

We report the detection of a strong jet-cloud interaction at a distance of 120 kpc from the nucleus of the radio galaxy 3C34, which has redshift z=0.69. Hubble Space Telescope images of the radio galaxy show a long narrow region of blue emission orientated along the radio axis and directed towards a radio hotspot. The William Herschel Telescope has been used to provide long-slit spectroscopic data of this object, and infrared observations made with the United Kingdom InfraRed Telescope have enabled its spectral energy distribution to be modelled. We propose that the aligned emission is associated with a region of massive star-formation, induced by the passage of the radio jet through a galaxy within the cluster surrounding 3C34. A star-formation rate of about 100 solar masses per year is required, similar to the values necessary to produce the alignment effect in high-redshift radio galaxies. The consequences of this result for models of star formation in distant radio galaxies are discussed.Comment: 12 pages including 11 figures, LaTeX. To appear in MNRA

The final two redshifts for radio sources from the equatorial BRL sample

Best, Rottgering and Lehnert (1999, 2000a) defined a new sample of powerful radio sources from the Molonglo Reference Catalogue, for which redshifts were compiled or measured for 177 of the 178 objects. For the final object, MRC1059-010 (3C249), the host galaxy is here identified using near-infrared imaging, and the redshift is determined from VLT spectroscopy. For one other object in the sample, MRC0320+053 (4C05.14), the literature redshift has been questioned: new spectroscopic observations of this object are presented, deriving a corrected redshift. With these two results, the spectroscopic completeness of this sample is now 100%. New redshifts are also presented for PKS0742+10 from the Wall & Peacock 2.7 GHz catalogue, and PKS1336+003 from the Parkes Selected Regions. PKS0742+10 shows a strong neutral hydrogen absorption feature in its Lyman-alpha emission profile.Comment: 4 pages. LaTeX. Accepted for publication in MNRA

The International Urban Energy Balance Comparison Project: Initial Results from Phase 2.

Many urban land surface schemes have been developed, incorporating different assumptions about the features of, and processes occurring at, the surface. Here, the first results from Phase 2 of an international comparison are presented. Evaluation is based on analysis of the last 12 months of a 15 month dataset. In general, the schemes have best overall capability to model net all-wave radiation. The models that perform well for one flux do not necessarily perform well for other fluxes. Generally there is better performance for net all wave radiation than sensible heat flux. The degree of complexity included in the models is outlined, and impacts on model performance are discussed in terms of the data made available to modellers at four successive stages

HST, radio and infrared observations of 28 3CR radio galaxies at redshift z ~ 1: I. The observations

Hubble Space Telescope images are presented of a sample of 28 3CR radio galaxies with redshifts in the range 0.6 < z < 1.8, together with maps at comparable angular resolution of their radio structure, taken using the Very Large Array. Infrared images of the fields, taken with the United Kingdom InfraRed Telescope, are also presented. The optical images display a spectacular range of structures. Many of the galaxies show highly elongated optical emission aligned along the directions of the radio axes, but this is not a universal effect; a small number of sources are either symmetrical or misaligned. Amongst those sources which do show an alignment effect, the morphology of the optical emission varies greatly, from a single bright elongated emission region to strings of optical knots stretching from one radio hotspot to the other. The infrared images display much less complexity. Although their significantly lower angular resolution would wash out some of the smaller structures seen in the HST images, it is clear that these galaxies are less aligned at infrared wavelengths than in the optical. In this paper, we discuss the galaxies individually, but defer a statistical analysis of the multi-waveband properties of the complete sample of sources to later papers in this series.Comment: 39 pages including 52 figures, LaTeX. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Defragmenting the terms self-employed, entrepreneur and business owner

There is a growing belief from a range of sources that the only way forward economically is through the support and growth of entrepreneurial behaviour (Olaison, & Sørensen, 2014). Consequently, governments have been developing policies to facilitate entrepreneurship, universities have set up programmes to encourage entrepreneurship and organisations exist to support entrepreneurship (Rae and Woodier-Harris N, 2012; Anderson et al, 2014). Unfortunately, it is not clear exactly what entrepreneurial behaviour is and is not (Hunter, 2012). There are multiple theories on the nature of entrepreneurial behaviour (Shook, Priem, & McGee, 2003; Davidson, 2004; O’Gorman, 2015). This lack of clarity and disagreement causes confusion about the roles and actions of people who engage in entrepreneurial behaviour (Lyons, Lynn, & Bhaird, 2015). Part of the confusion lies in the way people who own operate businesses are defined. Traditionally people who work for themselves are seen as either self-employed, entrepreneurs or business owners. However, despite having different meanings, the terms are often used interchangeably (Parker, 2004; Hartog et al., 2010; Van Solinge, 2015), primarily for the purpose of convenience or simplicity. The interchangeable use of the terms in an environment, in which entrepreneurial behaviour is the favoured phenomenon, is likely to suppress important debates around the nature of entrepreneurial behaviour. This suppression is likely to divert the attention of policy makers and supporters away from important issues concerning the different roles, functions and needs of the self-employed, entrepreneurs or business owners. As a result, support that focuses on entrepreneurship could be at the expense of the other roles. Therefore, there is a need for academic research to seek clarity concerning the use of different terms used to describe people who work for themselves. The authors intend to present a discussion paper that aims to generate some clarity around what the terms self-employed, entrepreneur and business owner actually mean. The purpose of this study is to consolidate a number of notions, theories and concepts found in the literature concerning the definition, conceptualisation and characterisation of self-employed, entrepreneur and business owner. The intention is to identify both similarities or overlaps and distinct differences, in order construct a model that embraces self-employed, entrepreneur and business owner in a single structure

HST and UKIRT imaging observations of z ~ 1 6C radio galaxies - I. The data

The results of Hubble Space Telescope and UKIRT imaging observations are presented for a sample of 11 6C radio galaxies with redshifts 0.85 < z < 1.5. The observations of the 6C sources reveal a variety of different features, similar to those observed around the higher luminosity of the aligned emission appears less extreme in the case of the 6C radio galaxies. For both samples, the aligned emission clearly cannot be explained by a single emission mechanism; line emission and related nebular continuum emission, however, often provide a significant contribution to the aligned emission.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures (figs 3,6,11 low resolution - full resolution images can be obtained from http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/~kji/ImagingFigs/). Accepted for publication in MNRA