33 research outputs found
EARTH RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT (ERBE) DATA SETS FOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES
J1.10 EARTH RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT (ERBE) DATA SETS FOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES T. Dale Bess
INTRODUCTION For a number of years there has been considerable interest in the earth's radiation budget (ERB) or energy balance, and entails making the best measurements possible of absorbed solar radiation, reflected shortwave radiation (RSW), thermal outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and net radiation. ERB data are fundamental to the development of realistic climate models and studying natural and anthropogenic perturbations of the climate. Much of the interest and investigations in the earth's energy balance predated the age of earth-orbiting satellites (Hunt et al., 1986). Beginning in the mid 1960's earthorbiting satellites began to play an important role in making measurements of the earth's radiation flux although much effort had gone into measuring ERB parameters prior to 1960 (House et al., 1986). Beginning in 1974 and extending until the present time, three different satellite experiments (not all operating at the same time) have been making
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles administered intravenously and intranasally to Macaca nemestrina
Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have potential in disease treatment since they can be loaded with therapeutic molecules and engineered for retention by specific tissues. However, questions remain on optimal dosing, administration and pharmacokinetics. Previous studies have addressed biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in rodents, but little evidence is available for larger animals. Here, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Expi293Fâderived EVs labelled with a highly sensitive nanoluciferase reporter (palmGRET) in a nonâhuman primate model (Macaca nemestrina), comparing intravenous (IV) and intranasal (IN) administration over a 125âfold dose range. We report that EVs administered IV had longer circulation times in plasma than previously reported in mice and were detectable in cerebrospinal fluid after 30â60 min. EV association with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, especially Bâcells, was observed as early as 1âmin postâadministration. EVs were detected in liver and spleen within 1 h of IV administration. However, IN delivery was minimal, suggesting that pretreatment approaches may be needed in large animals. Furthermore, EV circulation times strongly decreased after repeated IV administration, possibly due to immune responses and with clear implications for xenogeneic EVâbased therapeutics. We hope that our findings from this baseline study in macaques will help to inform future research and therapeutic development of EVs