Changes in Land Use in Eastern Surabaya, Indonesia, and their Impact on Coastal Society and Aquaculture

Indonesia is an archipelago country which has a large number of coastal areas, including Surabaya City. This part of the country, in particular its eastern areas, was affected by changes in land use – more land is now occupied by farms and residential areas. Another important type of land use in Surabaya is the ponds used for fish farming.This research aims to prove that the change of land use in Surabaya affects the socio-economy of the coastal area. This research uses the quantitative approach and descriptive statistic method. It shows that the increase in the number of ponds in Surabaya has not affected the growth in the number of fishermen while the amount and the value of fish production increased significantly due to marine fishing. Since most of the ponds in Surabaya are managed traditionally, they are unable to ensure a high output. Therefore, the majority of the community of Parmubaya in the east coast of Surabaya would like to change the function of ponds but are impeded to dos o by the legal regulations due to the special status of this area. Consequently, the optimal use of ponds in Surabaya would be to train fishermen, fish farmers, and representatives of other related professions

The Socioeconomic Effect of Changes in Coastal Areas: A Case Study of Coastal Areas in Surabaya

Abstrak   Selama beberapa tahun terakhir pemantauan dengan citra satelit menunjukkan kondisi garis pantai Surabaya mengalami perubahan signifikan, hal ini dikarenakan fenomena erosi, akresi dan antropogenik. Fenomena tersebut dapat menjadi ancaman terhadap lingkungan pantai Surabaya dimana masyarakat pesisir (nelayan) bergantung langsung terhadap hasil pantai dan tambak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya dampak sosial ekonomi akibat perubahan tutupan lahan khususnya area tambak. Metode yang dilakukan adalah penginderaan jauh dengan analisis metode maximum likelihood dan metode statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2011-2017, area tambak mengalami penurunan sebesar 8,66 km2 .Berkurangnya area tambak dan jumlah produksi ikan tambak (air tawar), tidak memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap nilai Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) kategori A.  Hal ini dikarenakan produksi ikan tidak hanya berasal dari tambak (air tawar) tetapi juga dari produksi ikan laut. Nilai PDRB kota Surabaya selama 3 tahun terakhir mengalami naik turun dikarenakan dampak pandemi COVID 19. Namun pada tahun 2021, nilai PDRB kota Surabaya mulai menunjukkan dampak positif. Perlu adanya pendampingan dari pemerintah terhadap nelayan tambak dan aturan pengelolaan kawasan pesisir. Diharapkan kawasan tambak dapat secara optimal memproduksi ikan air tawar dengan tujuan memberikan tambahan nilai lebih terhadap PDRB kota Surabaya kedepannya.   Kata kunci: Citra Satelit, Penginderaan Jauh, Pesisir Surabaya, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB), Tambak.     Abstract Over the last few years, satellite imaging data shows that the condition of coastal lines in Surabaya has significantly changed. Several factors can contribute to this issue, such as erosion, accretion, and anthropogenic phenomena. These factors are a threat to the environment of Surabaya because many coastal communities (fishermen) are relying on beach and pond products. This research aims to better understand the socioeconomic effect of changes in land cover, especially in pond areas. To collect data, the research used remote sensing tools. The data were then analyzed using maximum likelihood and descriptive statistics methods. Results indicated that between 2011 – 2017, the pond areas declined by 8.66 km2. However, the decline of the pond areas and pond fish quantities (freshwater fish) does not have a significant impact on the value of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) category A. One of the reasons is that fish production is not only taken from the pond (freshwater) but also from the sea. The value of Surabaya’s GRDP in the last three years is volatile due to the Covid-19 outbreak. However, in 2021, the GRDP has shown an increase. The government should play their roles by providing assistance to pond fishermen and regulating the management of coastal areas. Hopefully, pond areas can increase freshwater production in order to give an additional contribution to the GRDP of Surabaya.   Keywords: Satellite images, Remote sensing, Surabaya coastal areas, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), Pon

ПОДХОДЫ К ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ТУРИЗМА: ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЙ И РОССИЙСКИЙ ОПЫТ

 Scientific approaches to the study of social tourism and the formation of a methodology of foreign and Russian authors are reviewerd, the factors and conditions as prerequisites of organizing social tourism and conducting empirical research are disclosed. The results of the scientific review of the research in the field of social tourism and taking the experience of organizing social recreation in Russia and in European countries on the example of social groups are of great importance for future research to cover not only social and economic issues, but also to take into account the diversity and complexity of relationships in social groups, as well as tourism providers and intermediaries to adapt their travel products to the needs and requirements of tourists, with an emphasis on accounting preferences of representatives of diverse groups.The purpose: to analyze the scientific approachesto the study of social tourism and the formation of methodology of foreign and Russian authors, identify common and special elements on the problem of social tourism, the results obtained and the prospects for its development.Methodology of research: while working with the texts of the analyzed studies and social tourism concepts comparative (comparative) and systematic methods wereapplied.The results of the study: taking into account the varieties of scientific views on social tourism, focused on the perceptions of its social importance and preferable form of organization with the participation of the State, including special programmes and social projects. Special attention is paid to the importance of the initiatives the implementation of views on social and recreation, to enable it to social groups: youth, families, the disabled, and the elderly. It will ensure the participation of social groups in tourism, promoting social integration as the way of democratization and the implementation of equal rights among various groups of the population, human freedom, their civil rights involving interaction system States with civil society.Practical implications: the results can be applied in scientific research and in the formation of research methodology of socio-economic essence of social tourism, taking into account the sociological, economic, socio-psychological approaches, as well as in programmesof teaching socio-economic disciplines in tourism. The basic techniquesoutlined in the article, methods and tools in the study of social tourism are relevant in Russia today, which should contribute to its progressive development.Рассмотрены научные подходы к исследованию социального туризма и формированию методологии зарубежных и российских авторов, раскрыты факторы и условия как предпосылки организации социального туризма и проведению эмпирических исследований. Результаты научного обзора исследований в сфере социального туризма и изучения опыта организации социального отдыха в России и европейских странах на примере социальных групп представляют в целом значимость: для будущих исследований – охватить не только социальные и экономические вопросы, но и учитывать разнообразие и сложность отношений в социальных группах, а также поставщикам туристических услуг – адаптировать свои туристические продукты к нуждам и потребностям туристов, делая акцент на учет предпочтений представителей разнородных групп.Цель: проанализировать научные подходы к исследованию социального туризма зарубежных и российских авторов, выявить общее и особенное во взглядах на проблему социального туризма, полученных результатах и перспективах его развития.Методология исследования: при работе с текстами анализируемых исследований и концепций социального туризма применялись сравнительный (компаративный) и системный методы.Результаты исследования: отмечая широту научных взглядов на социальный туризм, авторы сконцентрировали внимание на представлениях об его социальной значимости и предпочтительной форме организации с участием государства, в том числе на целевых программах и социальных проектах. Особое внимание уделяется взглядам на важность инициатив осуществления социального отдыха и оздоровления, позволяющих реализовать их для следующих социальных групп: молодежь, семьи, инвалиды, пожилые люди. Это обеспечит участие социальных групп населения в туризме, способствуя социальной интеграции как средству демократизации и равных прав представителей различных групп населения, гражданских прав человека с участием системы взаимодействия государства с гражданским обществом.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты могут быть применены в научных исследованиях и при формировании методологии исследования социально-экономической сущности социального туризма с учетом социологического, экономического, социально-психологического подходов, а также в ходе преподавания социально-экономических дисциплин при изучении туристической сферы. Обозначенные в статье основные методы, способы и инструменты в исследовании социального туризма актуальны в современной России, что должно способствовать его поступательному развитию

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Synthesis of niobium nitride in conditions of heat explosion of aluminum nanopowder and niobium pentoxidemixtures

The relevance. The preparation of refractory nitrides in the air under the conditions of thermal explosion of aluminum nanopowder mixtures with metal oxides presents practical interest both for materials science and for the theory of the reactivity of air at high temperatures. This synthesis is the least energy-intensive, and it does not require complicated equipment. Only the heating of the initial charge is necessary for synthesis, then the process proceeds spontaneously. The main aim of the research is to determine experimentally the composition of combustion products of aluminum nanopowder mixtures with niobium pentaoxide in the air, to substantiate theoretically the stabilization of niobium nitride Nb 2 N in the air. Object: powder containing niobium nitride obtained by burning a mixture of aluminum nanopowder with niobium pentoxide in the air. Methods: x-ray analysis (diffractometer Difrey-401), differential thermal analysis SDT Q600 Instrument company. On the basis of the results of the differential thermal analysis the authors have calculated four parameters of the mixtures activity: temperature of oxidation beginning (t st.ox. , °C), oxidation degree ( α , %), maximal oxidation speed (v max , mg/min), specific thermal effect ( Ʌ Н, J/g). X-ray analysis was used for investigating crystal structure of oxidation ending products. Results. Combustion of mixtures of aluminum nanopowder with niobium pentaoxide in the air proceeded in two stages with formation of niobium nitride Nb 2 N. According to the x-ray analysis in the combustion products, the mixture of NP Al:Nb 2 O 5 =3:1 reached maximum of 47 rel. %. The calculation of the isobaric-isothermal potential showed that niobium nitride should be oxidized by air oxygen. The reason of stabilization of Nb 2 N crystalline phase is the air oxygen deactivation by emission of burning aluminum nanopowder.Актуальность. Получение тугоплавких нитридов в воздухе в условиях теплового взрыва смесей нанопорошка алюминия с оксидами металлов представляет практический интерес для материаловедения и для теории реакционной способности воздуха при высоких температурах. Такой синтез является наименее энергозатратным и не требует сложного оборудования. Для протекания синтеза необходим только нагрев исходной шихты, затем процесс протекает самопроизвольно. Синтез нитридсодержащих продуктов в воздухе с использованием атмосферного азота при нормальных условиях представляет интерес для получения новых видов керамики, добавок в обрабатывающий инструмент, для дисперсного упрочнения полимерных и композиционных материалов. Цель исследования: экспериментально определить состав продуктов сгорания смесей нанопорошка алюминия с пентаоксидом ниобия в воздухе. Объект: порошок, содержащий нитрид ниобия, полученный при сжигании смеси нанопорошка алюминия с пентаоксидом ниобия в воздухе. Методы: рентгенофазовый анализ (дифрактометр Дифрей-401), дифференциальный термический анализ (термоанализатор SDT Q600, фирма Instrument). На основании результатов дифференциального термического анализа были рассчитаны четыре параметра активности смесей: температура начала окисления (tн.о, °C), степень окисленности (, %), максимальная скорость окисления (vmax, мг/мин), удельный тепловой эффект (Н, Дж/г). Рентгенофазовый анализ использовали для изучения фазового состава продуктов окисления. Результаты. Процесс горения смесей нанопорошка алюминия с пентаоксидом ниобия в воздухе протекал в две стадии с формированием нитрида ниобия Nb2N. Согласно рентгенофазовому анализу, выход нитрида ниобия в продукте сгорания смеси НП Al:Nb2O5=3:1 в мольном соотношении (при массе смесей НП Al:Nb2O5=2,64:1,36) достигал максимума и составлял 47 отн. %. Расчет изобарно-изотермического потенциала показал, что нитрид ниобия должен окисляться кислородом воздуха. Причиной стабилизации кристаллической фазы Nb2N является дезактивация кислорода воздуха излучением горящего нанопорошка алюминия

Differences in spatial versus temporal reaction norms for spring and autumn phenological events

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the environmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenuate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species' response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction norms tend to accentuate responses in spring (cogradient variation) and attenuate them in autumn (countergradient variation). As a result, among-population variation in the timing of events is greater in spring and less in autumn than if all populations followed the same reaction norm regardless of location. Despite such signs of local adaptation, overall phenotypic plasticity was not sufficient for phenological events to keep exact pace with their cues-the earlier the year, the more did the timing of the phenological event lag behind the timing of the cue. Overall, these patterns suggest that differences in the spatial versus temporal reaction norms will affect species' response to climate change in opposite ways in spring and autumn