1,507 research outputs found
Lobes frontaux et prise de décision sous ambiguïté et sous risque : données lésionnelles, psychiatriques et de neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle
Decision-making is a complex human activity which refers to a set of cognitive and emotional processes linked to the integrity of prefrontal cortex. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to the link between decision-making and frontal symptomatology. Also discussed are the results of neuroimaging studies of decision-making. More precisely, the impact of focal frontal lobe lesions, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia on decision-making are explored. This analysis showed inhomogeneous results, both for neurological and psychiatric studies. That calls for further investigation of decision-making skills, which will be necessary to compare patientsâ performance in decision-making tasks and functional outcomes, in order to explore the ecological validity of the assessment tools
Ultra-narrow (sub-MHz) linewidth emission from discrete mode laser diodes
A class of laser which exhibits ultra-narrow sub MHz linewidth emission necessary for numerous applications in optical communications and sensors is described. The spectral performance of commercial discrete mode (DM) and distributed feedback (DFB) lasers is compared. The devices used in this work are asymmetrically coated ridge waveguide Fabry Perot lasers which incorporated etched slot features and emitting around lambda = 1.55 mum. The active region of the devices consisted of a strained compensated InAlGaAs MQW structure
Theory of mind, empathy and emotion perception in cortical and subcortical neurodegenerative diseases
Although the impact of neurodegenerative diseases on everyday interactions is well known in the literature, their impact on social cognitive processes remains unclear. The concept of social cognition refers to a set of skills, all of which are essential for living in a community. It involves social knowledge, perception and processing of social cues, and representation of mental states. This report is a review of recent findings on the impact of cortical and subcortical neurodegenerative diseases on three social cognitive processes, namely, the theory of mind, empathy and processing emotions. The focus here is on a conceptual approach to each of these skills and their cerebral underpinnings
Social cognition in normal and pathological aging
The concept of social cognition refers to a set of skills and to emotional and social experiences regulating relationships between individuals. This concept is appropriate in order to help us to explain individual human behaviours and behaviours in groups. Social cognition involves social knowledge, perception and processing of social cues, and the representation of mental states. The concept of social cognition thus refers to a multitude of skills. This paper stops on several of them, namely theory of mind, empathy, moral reasoning, emotional processing and emotional regulation. We propose a conceptual approach to each of these skills also stopping on their cerebral underpinnings. We also make an inventory of knowledge about the effects of age and neurodegenerative diseases on social cognition
Low sensitivity to optical feedback and optical injection of discrete mode lasers
In this paper, we demonstrate the low sensitivity to both external optical feedback and external optical injection of a new type of extremely low cost single-mode lasers, called "discrete mode" (DM) lasers. The DM lasers are obtained from ridge waveguide Fabry Perot (FP) lasers, in which the effective refractive index of the lasing mode has been perturbed. These lasers exhibit a low sensitivity to external optical feedback since the coherence collapse threshold is around 5 dB higher in comparison to a commercial DFB laser
Mol-CycleGAN - a generative model for molecular optimization
Designing a molecule with desired properties is one of the biggest challenges
in drug development, as it requires optimization of chemical compound
structures with respect to many complex properties. To augment the compound
design process we introduce Mol-CycleGAN - a CycleGAN-based model that
generates optimized compounds with high structural similarity to the original
ones. Namely, given a molecule our model generates a structurally similar one
with an optimized value of the considered property. We evaluate the performance
of the model on selected optimization objectives related to structural
properties (presence of halogen groups, number of aromatic rings) and to a
physicochemical property (penalized logP). In the task of optimization of
penalized logP of drug-like molecules our model significantly outperforms
previous results
Motion Sickness Lessons from the Southern Ocean
BACKGROUND:
The objectives were to assess the prevalence, severity, and medication taken, and to look for predictive factors, in order to better identify characteristics of passengers at risk of motion sickness during transport from Hobart in Tasmania to the French polar stations in Antarctica.
METHODS:
There were 239 passengers who were surveyed over 4 yr with 4 round trips per year using the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ), Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), state-trait anxiety test (STAI -Trait and STAI -State), and general parameters (age, gender, number of trips, jet-lag, direction of the trip), medication, calculation of the distance of each passengerâs cabin to the Centre of Gravity (CoG.).
RESULTS:
While the passengers had a low intrinsic sensitivity to motion sickness (MSSQ), 94% reported at least one SSQ symptom of motion sickness, and 38% vomited. Five associated factors were discovered: greater initial sensitivity (MSSQ), anticipation of being ill, younger age, higher level of anxiety at midtrip, and greater distance from the CoG. Of the passengers, there were 54% who took anti-motion sickness medication at different times of the trip, however, these
passengers experienced more nausea. This could be due to self-selection since they were more sensitive to motion
sickness.
CONCLUSION:
We identified three predictive factors of motion sickness (greater intrinsic susceptibility, younger age, and greater cabin distance from the CoG). For preventive purposes, two associated factors of MS (anticipation of being ill, MSSQ score) were determined to classify three groups of risk of MS to improve passenger care during the trip
Les phĂ©nomĂšnes de dĂ©pendance Ă lâenvironnement: rĂ©flexions sur lâautonomie humaine Ă partir de la clinique neurologique
Dans cet article, nous proposons dâanalyser la perte dâautonomie caractĂ©risĂ©e par les phĂ©nomĂšnes de dĂ©pendance Ă lâenvironnement observĂ©s chez certains patients neurologiques prĂ©sentant des lĂ©sions des lobes frontaux. Des propositions thĂ©oriques issues de la neuropsychologie cognitive et de la thĂ©orie de la mĂ©diation sont dĂ©veloppĂ©es et confrontĂ©es. La dĂ©marche offre lâoccasion, au plan thĂ©orique, de questionner la dĂ©tĂ©rioration possible du systĂšme de la personne suite Ă des lĂ©sions cĂ©rĂ©brales et, au plan mĂ©thodologique, dâinterroger notre maniĂšre dâexaminer ces patients en confrontant les modĂšles thĂ©oriques aux observations clinique
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