Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as a disease of early aging: Evidence from the EpiChron Cohort

Background Aging is an important risk factor for most chronic diseases. Patients with COPD develop more comorbidities than non-COPD subjects. We hypothesized that the development of comorbidities characteristically affecting the elderly occur at an earlier age in subjects with the diagnosis of COPD. Methods and findings We included all subjects carrying the diagnosis of COPD (n = 27, 617), and a similar number of age and sex matched individuals without the diagnosis, extracted from the 727, 241 records of individuals 40 years and older included in the EpiChron Cohort (Aragon, Spain). We compared the cumulative number of comorbidities, their prevalence and the mortality risk between both groups. Using network analysis, we explored the connectivity between comorbidities and the most influential comorbidities in both groups. We divided the groups into 5 incremental age categories and compared their comorbidity networks. We then selected those comorbidities known to affect primarily the elderly and compared their prevalence across the 5 age groups. In addition, we replicated the analysis in the smokers'' subgroup to correct for the confounding effect of cigarette smoking. Subjects with COPD had more comorbidities and died at a younger age compared to controls. Comparison of both cohorts across 5 incremental age groups showed that the number of comorbidities, the prevalence of diseases characteristic of aging and network''s density for the COPD group aged 56-65 were similar to those of non-COPD 15 to 20 years older. The findings persisted after adjusting for smoking. Conclusion Multimorbidity increases with age but in patients carrying the diagnosis of COPD, these comorbidities are seen at an earlier age

Studies on the mineral nutrition of the rice plant: XII. effects of the deficiencies of macronutrients on the varieties IAC-25 and IAC-47

Plantas de arroz, variedades IAC-25 e IAC-47, foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa e com deficiência de macronutrientes. Foram obtidos dados sobre a influência dos tratamentos na área foliar, produção de matéria seca e na composição mineral e observados os sintomas de carência. O estado nutricional das plantas deficientes em N foi também avaliado pela determinação da atividade da redútase de nitrato na folha.Rice plants, varieties IAC-25 and IAC-47 were grown in nutrient solution both in the presence and in the absence of macronutrients. Symptons of deficiency were observed in general agreement with description found in the literature. The deficiency of N affected most dry matter yield among the three major macronutrients. although the effect on grain production was greater when K was omitted. The following levels could be taken as indication of adequate nutrition when leaf samples are analysed at the boot stage (respectively) for var. IAC-25 and IAC-47): N - 4.18% and 3.54%; P - 0.36 and 0.27; K - 2.30 and 2.09; Ca - 1.22 and 1.00; Mg - 0.80 and 0.77; S - 0.24 and 0.18. Leaf nitrate reductase activity at the same physiological period correlated well both with N supply and dry matter production

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do arroz: XIV. efeitos dos excessos de Al, Cl e Mn nas variedades IAC-25 e IAC-47

Rice plants were grown either in full strength nº 2 solution of HOAGLAND & ARNON (1950) or in the same with high levels of Al, Cl and Mn (25, 1750 and 25 ppm, respectively). Plants with excess of each element did not complete the reproductive phase of development. Symptoms of toxicity appeared in response to the high levels supplied in the substrate. Dry matter production was relatively more affected in the case of the variety IAC-47. On the other hand, both varieties were more sensitive to Mn toxicity than to Al excess. The leaves had the following levels of the elements under the respective treatments, respectively for the variety IAC-25 and for the variety IAC-47; Al-107 and 221 ppm; Cl-87,500 and 17,500 (lower and upper leaves), 44,125 and 16,250 (lower and upper leaves); Mn - 1,670 and 1,769. The Al content of the roots was 5,639 and 5,872 ppm. Al toxicity decreased P content in all plant parts.Plantas de arroz, variedades IAC-25 e IAC-47 foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa e com excesso de Al, Cl e Mn (25, 1750 e 25 ppm, respectivamente). As últimas não completaram o ciclo. Foram observados sintomas típicos de toxidez. A produção de matéria seca foi mais afetada pelos tratamentos na variedade IAC-47. Ambas as variedades mostraram-se mais sensíveis a toxidez de Mn que à de Al. Foram determinados os teores foliares de Al, Cl e Mn associados à toxidez correspondente

The Influence Of Altered Occlusion On Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Levels In The Tmj Synovial Tissues Of Rats

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether altered occlusion affects both the condylar cartilage thickness and the cytokine levels of the TMJs of rats. Design Thirty adult-male rats (n = 30) were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: a control group that underwent sham operations with unaltered occlusion; an FPDM group that underwent functional posterior displacement of the mandible that was induced by an incisor guiding appliance; and an iOVD group in which the increased occlusal vertical dimension was induced in the molars. The rats were subjected to the FPDM or iOVD model for 14 days and then killed. Both the right and left TMJs were removed and randomly assigned to examination with staining or immunoassay techniques. Toluidine blue staining was used to measure the thicknesses of the four layers of the articular cartilage (i.e., the fibrous, proliferating, mature, and hypertrophic layers). ELISA assays were used to assess the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α). The measurements of the articular cartilage layers and cytokine concentrations were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests, respectively (α = 5%). Results The thickness of articular cartilage in the FPDM group (0.3 ± 0.03 mm) was significantly greater than those of the control (0.2 ± 0.01 mm) and iOVD (0.25 ± 0.03 mm) groups. No significant difference was observed between the control and iOVD groups. The four articular cartilage layers were thicker in the FPDM group than in the control and iOVD groups, and the latter two groups did not differ one from each other. Both the FPDM and iOVD groups exhibited higher cytokine levels than did the control (p < 0.05) group. Compared to the FPDM group, the iOVD group exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusion Both models induced inflammation in the TMJ and caused significant structural changes in the TMJ and surrounding tissues. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.591111641171Xie, Q., Li, X., Xu, X., The difficult relationship between occlusal interferences and temporomandibular disorder - Insights from animal and human experimental studies (2013) J Oral Rehabil, 40 (4), pp. 279-295Kuang, B., Dai, J., Wang, Q.Y., Song, R., Jiao, K., Zhang, J., Combined degenerative and regenerative remodeling responses of the mandibular condyle to experimentally induced disordered occlusion (2013) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 143 (1), pp. 69-76Liu, C., Kaneko, S., Soma, K., Effects of a mandibular lateral shift on the condyle and mandibular bone in growing rats (2007) Angle Orthod, 77 (5), pp. 787-793Wattanachai, T., Yonemitsu, I., Kaneko, S., Soma, K., Functional lateral shift of the mandible effects on the expression of ECM in rat temporomandibular cartilage (2009) Angle Orthod, 79, pp. 652-659Owtad, P., Potres, Z., Shen, G., Petocz, P., Darendeliler, M.A., A histochemical study on condylar cartilage and glenoid fossa during mandibular advancement (2011) Angle Orthod, 81 (2), pp. 270-276Satoh, K., Ogura, N., Akutsu, M., Kuboyama, N., Kuyama, K., Yamamoto, H., Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in IL-1beta-induced synovitis of the temporomandibular joint (2009) J Oral Pathol Med, 38 (7), pp. 584-590Kaneyama, K., Segami, N., Nishimura, M., Suzuki, T., Sato, J., Importance of proinflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid from 121 joints with temporomandibular disorders (2002) Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 40 (5), pp. 418-423Tanimoto, K., Iwabuchi, Y., Tanne, Y., Kamiya, T., Inubushi, T., Kunimatsu, R., Interleukin-1 beta affects cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cartilage metabolism in mandibular condyle (2011) Arch Oral Biol, 56 (11), pp. 1412-1418Farias-Neto, A., Martins, A.P., Sánchez-Ayala, A., Rabie, A.B., Novaes, P.D., Rizzatti-Barbosa, C.M., The effect of posterior tooth loss on the expression of type II collagen, IL-1β and VEGF in the condylar cartilage of growing rats (2012) Arch Oral Biol, 57 (11), pp. 1551-1557Figueroba, S.R., Desjardins, M.P., Nani, B.D., Ferreira, L.E., Rossi, A.C., Santos, F.A., Effect of diazepam on temporomandibular joints in rats with increased occlusal vertical (2014) Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 52 (5), pp. 438-444Sun, L., Wang, M., He, J., Liu, L., Chen, S., Widmalm, S.E., Experimentally created nonbalanced occlusion effects on the thickness of the temporomandibular joint disc in rats (2009) Angle Orthod, 79 (1), pp. 51-53Mao, J.J., Rahemtulla, F., Scott, P.G., Proteoglycan expression in the rat temporomandibular joint in response to unilateral bite raise (1998) J Dent Res, 77, pp. 1520-1528Yamamoto, M., Involvement in morphological changes of the articular cartilage of rat temporomandibular joint induced by experimental malocclusion (1994) Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi, 85, pp. 78-90Cholasueksa, P., Warita, H., Soma, K., Alterations of the rat temporomandibular joint in functional posterior displacement of the mandible (2004) Angle Orthod, 74 (5), pp. 677-683Farias-Neto, A., Martins, A.P., Figueroba, S.R., Groppo, F.C., De Almeida, S.M., Rizzatti-Barbosa, C.M., Altered mandibular growth under functional posterior displacement in rats (2012) Angle Orthod, 82 (1), pp. 3-7Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Wu, S., Qiao, Y., A novel experimental design model for increasing occlusal vertical dimension (2010) J Craniofac Surg, 21 (2), pp. 450-457Zhang, X., Dai, J., Lu, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Experimentally created unilateral anterior crossbite induces a degenerative ossification phenotype in mandibular condyle of growing Sprague-Dawley rats (2013) J Oral Rehabil, 40 (7), pp. 500-508Kiliaridis, S., Thilander, B., Kjellberg, H., Topouzelis, N., Zafiriadis, A., Effect of low masticatory function on condylar growth: A morphometric study in the rat (1999) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 116 (2), pp. 121-125Miehe, B., Fanghänel, J., Kubein-Meesenburg, D., Nägerl, H., Schwestka-Polly, R., Masticatory musculature under altered occlusal relationships - A model study with experimental animals (1999) Ann Anat, 181 (1), pp. 37-40Rabie, A.B., She, T.T., Hägg, U., Functional appliance therapy accelerates and enhances condylar growth (2003) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 123 (1), pp. 40-48Mao, J.J., Rahemtulla, F., Scott, P.G., Proteoglycan expression in the rat temporomandibular joint in response to unilateral bite raise (1998) J Dent Res, 77 (7), pp. 1520-1528Fuentes, M.A., Opperman, L.A., Buschang, P., Bellinger, L.L., Carlson, D.S., Hinton, R.J., Lateral functional shift of the mandible: Part I. Effects on condylar cartilage thickness and proliferation (2003) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 123 (2), pp. 153-159De Rooij, P.P., Siebrecht, M.A., Tägil, M., Aspenberg, P., The fate of mechanically induced cartilage in an unloaded environment (2001) J Biomech, 34 (7), pp. 961-966Emshoff, R., Puffer, P., Rudisch, A., Gassner, R., Temporomandibular joint pain: Relationship to internal derangement type, osteoarthrosis, and synovial fluid mediator level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (2000) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 90 (9), pp. 442-449Lai, Y.C., Shaftel, S.S., Miller, J.H., Tallents, R.H., Chang, Y., Pinkert, C.A., Intra-articular induction of interleukin-1b expression in the adult mouse, with resultant temporomandibular joint pathologic changes, dysfunction, and pain (2006) Arthritis Rheum, 54 (4), pp. 1184-1197Livne, E., Laufer, D., Blumenfeld, I., Osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of aged mice and the in vitro effect of TGF-beta 1 on cell proliferation, matrix synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity (1997) Microsc Res Tech, 37 (4), pp. 314-323Kamiya, T., Tanimoto, K., Tanne, Y., Lin, Y.Y., Kunimatsu, R., Yoshioka, M., Effects of mechanical stimuli on the synthesis of superficial zone protein in chondrocytes (2010) J Biomed Mater Res A, 92 (2), pp. 801-805Pullinger, A.G., Seligman, D.A., Gornbein, J.A., A multiple logistic regression analysis of the risk and relative odds of temporomandibular disorders as a function of common occlusal features (1993) J Dent Res, 72 (6), pp. 968-979Kacena, M.A., Merrel, G.A., Konda, S.R., Wilson, K.M., Mark, Y.X., Horowitz, C., Inflammation and bony changes at the temporomandibular joint (2001) Cells Tissues Organs, 169 (3), pp. 257-264Souza, J.R.M., Oliveira, R.T., Blotta, M.H.S.L., Coelho, O.R., Serum levels of IL-6, IL-18 and C-reactive protein in acute coronarian syndrome without ST supradepression in type II diabetes patients (2008) Arq Bras Cardiol, 90 (2), pp. 94-9