Evolution of coastal zone vulnerability to marine inundation in a global change context. Application to Languedoc Roussillon (France)

The coastal system is likely to suffer increasing costal risk in a global change context. Its management implies to consider those risks in a holistic approach of the different vulnerability components of the coastal zone, by improving knowledge of hazard and exposure as well as analyzing and quantifying present day and future territory vulnerability. The ANR/VMC2007/MISEEVA project (2008-2011) has applied this approach on Languedoc Roussillon region in France. MISEEVA approach relies on several scenarios for 2030 and 2100, in terms of meteorology (driver of coastal hazard), sea level rise, and also considering further trends in demography and economy, and possible adaption strategies Hazard has been modeled (SWAN, MARS and SURFWB), on the base of the presentday situation, sea level rise hypotheses, and existing or modeled data, of extreme meteorological driving f. It allowed to assess the possible surges ranges and map coastal zone exposure to: - a permanent inundation (considering sea level rise in 2030 and 2100, - a recurrent inundation (considering sea level rise and extreme tidal range) - an exceptional inundation (adding extreme storm surge to sea level rise and tidal range). In 2030, exposure will be comparable to present day exposure. In 2100, extreme condition will affect a larger zone. Present days social and economic components of the coastal zone have been analyzed in terms of vulnerability and potential damaging. Adaptation capacity was approached by public inquiries and interviews of stakeholders and policy makers, based on existing planning documents The knowledge of the present day system is then compared to the possible management strategies that could be chosen in the future, so to imagine what would be the evolution of vulnerability to marine inundation, in regards to these possible strategies

Bresle Somme Authie : long term coastal submersion and flood Management Plan

In 2011, the French government commissioned the SMBS-GLP (Somme Bay –Picardie Coast joint venture development authority) to implement a flood prevention action programme along the Northern Sea coast between Le Tréport and Berck, in order to provide an overall mid- and long-term intervention strategy regarding flood risks (river floods and marine submersion). The area covered by the integrated management program is about 660 square km, more than 80 km of sea coast, 3 estuaries Bresle, Authie and Somme Bay, 56 communities are concerned by the risk and covered by the management plan. The prevention strategy developed for the area is based on a solidarity principle between coastal areas and land areas. The principle is based on the fact that the territory should face the risk with and adapted redistribution of human and urban stakes. This strategy is to be initiated now but will need tens of years to be effective. That’s why the process is temporally adapted in order to assure some security to the most impacted areas

Bresle Somme Authie : long term coastal submersion and flood Management Plan

In 2011, the French government commissioned the SMBS-GLP (Somme Bay –Picardie Coast joint venture development authority) to implement a flood prevention action programme along the Northern Sea coast between Le Tréport and Berck, in order to provide an overall mid- and long-term intervention strategy regarding flood risks (river floods and marine submersion). The area covered by the integrated management program is about 660 square km, more than 80 km of sea coast, 3 estuaries Bresle, Authie and Somme Bay, 56 communities are concerned by the risk and covered by the management plan. The prevention strategy developed for the area is based on a solidarity principle between coastal areas and land areas. The principle is based on the fact that the territory should face the risk with and adapted redistribution of human and urban stakes. This strategy is to be initiated now but will need tens of years to be effective. That’s why the process is temporally adapted in order to assure some security to the most impacted areas

Intracellular retention is a common characteristic of childhood obesity-associated MC4R mutations.

Heterozygous mutations in the coding region of the serpentine Melanocortin 4 receptor are the most common genetic cause of human obesity described to date. There are still conflicting data regarding the overall prevalence of such mutations in obesity and limited information is available on the functional defects caused by most obesity-associated MC4R mutations. We report here the screening for mutations in the coding region of the MC4R of a new cohort of 172 patients presenting with severe childhood obesity and a family history of obesity. Three heterozygous MC4R mutations (Ser127Leu, Ala244Glu and Pro299His) were found in three patients of this cohort (1.74%), confirming that such mutations are implicated in a significant number of childhood obesity cases. A functional analysis of these mutant receptors, in addition to 11 other childhood obesity-associated MC4R mutations, indicates that they all alter the activation of the receptor by the endogenous agonist alpha-MSH. To further examine the functional defects caused by childhood obesity-associated MC4R mutations, we developed a novel, sensitive technique to quantitatively analyze the effect of a mutation on MC4R cell surface expression. Using this method we analyzed the cell surface expression of all the 14 described childhood obesity-associated MC4R missense mutations. We demonstrate that 81.3% of childhood obesity-associated heterozygous MC4R mutations lead to intracellular retention of the receptor. This result has implications for the potential pharmacologic rescue of childhood obesity-associated MC4R mutations and for the treatment of patients presenting with this condition