Liderazgo multicultural: estudio comparativo India-México

This article presents a case study of a company where managers from two cultures collaborate: Mexico and India; research questions that are posed: what are the values, attitudes and skills that both cultures expect from their leaders? What are the leader's skills and leadership styles? And what is the distance and dimension of the power of the leaders of both cultures? An instrument was designed with the five characteristics of personality description listed by Goldberg (1990), Madrigal's leadership style approach (2009), and uncertainty´s dimension and power´s distance with Northouse's theory (2012). In order to carry out this study 102 managers from the Indian and Mexican culture were surveyed in different aspects related to the perception of leadership. The results show that both Mexicans and Indians tend to prefer a style of democratic leadership. Finally differences that exist in the institutional collectivism and in the orientation towards the future of both cultures are presented as findings.Neste artigo apresenta-se um estudo de caso de uma empresa onde colaboram diretores de duas culturas: México e Índia. Propõem-se perguntas de pesquisa como: quais são os valores, atitudes e habilidades que ambas culturas esperam de seus líderes? Quais são as habilidades do líder e seus estilos de liderança? Qual é a distância e dimensão do poder dos líderes de ambas culturas? Desenhou-se um instrumento com as cinco características da descrição da personalidade listadas por Goldberg (1990), a aproximação de estilo de liderança de Madrigal (2009), e a dimensão da incerteza e distância do poder com a teoria de Northouse (2012). Para poder realizar este estudo aplicou-se o questionário a 102 diretores de cultura índia e mexicana em diferentes aspectos relacionados com a percepção de liderança. Os resultados demonstram que tanto os mexicanos como os indianos tendem a preferir um estilo de liderança democrática. Finalmente apresentam-se como resultados as diferenças existentes no coletivismo institucional e na orientação ao futuro de ambas culturas.En este artículo se presenta un estudio de caso de una empresa donde colaboran directivos de dos culturas: México e India; se plantean preguntas de investigación como: ¿cuáles son los valores, actitudes y habilidades que ambas culturas esperan de sus líderes?, ¿cuáles son las habilidades del líder y sus estilos de liderazgo? y ¿cuál es la distancia y dimensión del poder de los líderes de ambas culturas? Se diseñó un instrumento con las cinco características de la descripción de la personalidad enumeradas por Goldberg (1990), la aproximación de estilo de liderazgo de Madrigal (2009), y dimensión de la incertidumbre y distancia del poder con la teoría de Northouse (2012). Para poder llevar a cabo este estudio se encuestaron a 102 directivos de cultura india y mexicana en diferentes aspectos relacionados con la percepción de liderazgo. Los resultados demuestran que tanto los mexicanos como los indios tienden a preferir un estilo de liderazgo democrático. Finalmente se presentan como hallazgos las diferencias existentes en el colectivismo institucional y en la orientación al futuro de ambas culturas

Epidemiología de las hepatitis virales en México Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Mexico

Las hepatitis virales son una de las causas principales de daño hepático en México. En este estudio se analiza el estado actual de las hepatitis virales en México. La Secretaría de Salud informa un total de 192 588 casos de hepatitis virales entre 2000 y 2007. De éstos, 79% corresponden aVHA, 3.3% aVHB, 6% a VHC y 11.7% a casos sin agente etiológico descrito. No obstante, el VHB se podría estar subdiagnosticando, ya que hay zonas de alta endemia en poblaciones indígenas, existen limitaciones en la sensibilidad y especificidad de las pruebas inmunológicas y podría ser común la hepatitis B oculta. ElVHE podría ser uno de los agentes etiológicos de aquellos casos que carecen de un agente etiológico conocido. Se proponen estrategias específicas para el control de las hepatitis virales tendientes a disminuir el número de casos.<br>The main etiology of liver disease in Mexico is alcohol and viral hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the current epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Mexico. From 2000 to 2007 the Ministry of Health reported 192 588 cases of hepatitis, 79% HAV, 3.3% HBV, 6% HCV, and 12% without a specific etiologic factor. Due to high endemic areas for HBV infection in native Mexican population, limitations in the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the serological immunoassays used to date and presence of occult hepatitis B in the country, the real prevalence of HBV infection could be even higher than HCV in Mexico. Hepatitis E virus in cirrhotic patients and in porcine farms could at least partially explain the cases of hepatitis that are diagnosed without a specific etiologic agent. Specific strategies to establish control regulations against viral hepatitis infections in Mexico are proposed

A low steady HBsAg seroprevalence is associated with a low incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in Mexico: a systematic review

To address the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemicity and HBV-related liver diseases in Mexico. Research literature reporting on HBsAg and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) prevalence in Mexican study groups were searched in NLM Gateway, PubMed, IMBIOMED, and others. Weighted mean prevalence (WMP) was calculated from the results of each study group. A total of 50 studies were analyzed. Three nationwide surveys revealed an HBsAg seroprevalence of less than 0.3%. Horizontal transmission of HBV infection occurred mainly by sexual activity and exposure to both contaminated surgical equipment and body fluids. High-risk groups exposed to these factors included healthcare workers, pregnant women, female sex workers, hemodialysis patients, and emergency department attendees with an HBsAg WMP ranging from 1.05% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68–1.43) to 14.3% (95% CI, 9.5–19.1). A higher prevalence of anti-HBc in adults than those younger than 20 years was associated with the main risk factors. Anti-HBc WMP ranged from 3.13% (95% CI, 3.01–3.24) in blood donors to 27.7% (95% CI, 21.6–33.9) in hemodialysis patients. A heterogeneous distribution of HBV infection was detected, mainly in native Mexican groups with a high anti-HBc WMP of 42.0% (95% CI, 39.5–44.3) but with a low HBsAg WMP of 2.9% (95% CI 2.08–3.75). Estimations of the Mexican population growth rate and main risk factors suggest that HBsAg seroprevalence has remained steady since 1974. A low HBsAg prevalence is related to the low incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) previously reported in Mexico

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present