Aplicabilidad de la política nacional de residuos sólidos a la realidad de Brasil

En este paper se analiza la aplicabilidad del texto de la ley que instituyó la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos en Brasil, texto que pretende establecer principios, procedimientos y normas para reglamentar su gestión, situación que se caracteriza por ser heterogénea, deficitaria y con grandes contrastes regionales, fruto de la organización político-administrativa federal. Actualmente, existen grandes obstáculos para que ella sea aplicada y ejecutada, debido a que Brasil presenta características particulares. Es así como algunas normas legales se contraponen entre sí, sobre todo en el terreno municipal, estadual y federal. Asimismo, no existe un órgano central que establezca las directrices, que se deban seguir para normar la problemática de los residuos sólidos, tanto en términos territoriales, como términos sectoriales. Además la sociedad y las instituciones respetan y obedecen las normas establecidas por el poder público, en forma relativa, tanto dentro de la misma esfera oficial, como en el sector privado. La Ley que se tramitó por casi 21 años en el Congreso Nacional, fue aprobada por el Ejecutivo en agosto de 2010, ello demuestra las enormes y complicadas barreras burocráticas que debieron ser vencidas para que la Ley se convirtiera en realidad, sin olvidar la serie de variables sociales, económicas, políticas, institucionales y territoriales que hacen de Brasil un país latinoamericano muy distinto al resto. Metodológicamente, se ofrece una interpretación sobre la legislación anterior a la edición de esta normativa, que se encontraba fragmentada en diversos textos legales. Junto con ello, se analiza la nueva Ley sobre residuos sólidos y se hace una proyección de los desafíos futuros que significará aplicar esta nueva legislación, proyección que, desafortunadamente, ratifica las dificultades de su materialización

The Effects of Ringing, Double Incision and Applications of Paclobutrazol Cultar on the Avocado (Persea americana Mill) cv. Negra de

Abstract This study was carried out on two-year-old avocado plants of the local variety "Negra de La Cruz", in the Quillota area, and was directed aimed to improve precocity and productivity of this cultivar, which is heavily demanded by consumer, but very vigorous and slow to come into production. Ringing and Double Incision were performed during the first week of April, as the beginning of the autumn flush. Applications of the Paclobutrazol were carried out both in the autumn flush and in the flowering peak period in spring. A significant effect of the Ringing and Double Incision was observed on the differentiation of flower buds; however, the effect was lower with the autumn applications of Paclobutrazol. Similar results were observed with measurement of flowering on trees and intensity of flowering on panicle, evaluated in spring. Despite these observations, the highest increasing in yield were observed in the Paclobutrazol applications as well in Ringing and Double Incision plus Paclobutrazol in spring

The Relation between Attitudes toward Functional Foods and Satisfaction with Food-Related Life

Purpose – To assess the effect of attitudes towards functional foods (FF) on university students’ satisfaction with food-related life and to distinguish student typologies, considering that the attitudes towards FF are not homogeneous among consumers. Design/methodology - A survey was applied to 372 university students (mean age=20.4 years, SD=2.4) in southern Chile. The questionnaire included the Attitudes towards Functional Foods (AFF) questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL) scale, questions about consumption and knowledge about FF and socio-demographic characteristics. Findings – Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling, it was found that attitudes toward functional foods directly and significantly influence students’ satisfaction with food-related life. A cluster analysis applied to the Z-scores from the factors obtained by the CFA classified three typologies: Positive towards FF (36.3%), moderately positive towards FF (43.0%) and negative towards FF (20.7%). The positive towards FF type had a significantly greater SWFL score than the negative towards FF type. The types differ according to consumption and knowledge about FF. Research limitations/implications – This study was conducted in the context of only one country in South America. Originality/value – This study is the first that assesses the effect of AFF on satisfaction with food-related life in a sample of university students. Fostering positive attitudes towards FF will allow for a growth in the degree of satisfaction with food-related life of university students with features similar to those of the study sample

Photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin by Au@ZnONPs-MoS2-Rgo nanocomposites

This study aimed to investigate the photocatalytic performance of diverse zinc oxide catalysts containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) toward the degradation of the antibiotics levofloxacin (LFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) in aqueous solutions. The obtained results demonstrate that LFX is more resistant to degradation when compared with CFX and that the principal route of degradation under visible light is the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were employed to verify the inhibitory effect of electron–hole recombination when AuNPs, MoS2, and rGO are integrated into a semiconductor. The catalyst that achieved the highest percentage of CFX degradation was 1%Au@ZnONPs-3%MoS2-1%rGO, exhibiting a degradation efficiency of 96%, while the catalyst that exhibited the highest percentage of LFX degradation was 5%Au@ZnONPs-3%MoS2-1%rGO, displaying a degradation efficiency of 99.8%. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis enabled the identification of reaction intermediates, facilitating the determination of a potential degradation pathway for both antibiotics. Additionally, recyclability assessments showed that the synthesized catalysts maintained stable photocatalytic efficiencies after 15 cycles, indicating that the heterostructures have the potential for further usage and may be tested with other organic contaminants as wellThe financial support from the NSF Center for the Advancement of Wearable TechnologiesCAWT (grant 1849243), from the Consortium of Hybrid Resilient Energy Systems (DE-NA0003982), and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under NanoCat-Com Project (PID2021-124667OB-I00), are gratefully acknowledgedThe financial support from the NSF Center for the Advancement of Wearable TechnologiesCAWT (grant 1849243), from the Consortium of Hybrid Resilient Energy Systems (DE-NA0003982), and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under NanoCat-Com Project (PID2021-124667OB-I00), are gratefully acknowledge

Informes técnicos : conservación y manejo de recursos fitogenéticos de café robusta (Coffea canephora) y cacao criollo (Theobroma spp.) en sistemas agroecológicos productivos como estrategia frente al cambio climático

Con la ejecución del proyecto se propuso incidir en el rescate de especies de Theobroma spp, principalmente el cacao (Theobroma cacao), focalizando la colecta de germoplasma en el cacao de almendra blanca, la cual se encuentra en grave erosión genética, considerando que existe un alto grado de contaminación con cacaos trinitarios principalmente y de alguna medida con los forasteros, que aunque no se encuentran genéticamente puros, se encuentra presente en el genoma de los árboles trinitarios, induciendo mayor diversidad genética, pero provocando la pérdida de nuestros cacaos ancestrales. Por tal motivo, la colecta fue dirigida al rescate prioritariamente de cacaos de almendra blanca en mayor proporción y otras variantes de cacaos criollos. Asimismo, fue de mucha importancia el rescate de especies como el patashte (Theobroma bicolor) y la cushta (Theobroma angustifolium), como especies con alto potencial alimenticio o “alimentos del futuro”. Por otra parte se abordó en las investigaciones la generación de tecnologías prácticas de propagación vegetativa, como el enraizamiento de estacas, evaluación de diferentes tipos de injerto y en campo, a fin, de resolver problemas que han tenido productores de la Cooperativa Santa Clara y viveristas. De igual forma se realizó un estudio de artrópodos asociados al café y al cacao, encontrando una diversidad de especies, que indican el grado de sostenibilidad de los agrosistemas y su equilibrio ecológico, basado en el nivel de complejidad de los mismos, no obstante, se identifican para cacao insectos con potencial de convertirse plaga, por lo que se recomienda evitar el establecimiento de cacao en monocultivo o con poca diversidad vegetal en sus sistemas de asocio. Finalmente se trata de hacer un acercamiento a diferentes procesos artesanales en la transformación de cacao en diferentes productos como la tablilla de chocolate y bombones

A human STAT3 gain-of-function variant confers T cell dysregulation without predominant Treg dysfunction in mice

Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRD) represent a group of disorders characterized by immune dysregulation, presenting with a wide range of clinical disease, including autoimmunity, autoinflammation, or lymphoproliferation. Autosomal dominant germline gain-of-function (GOF) variants in STAT3 result in a PIRD with a broad clinical spectrum. Studies in patients have documented a decreased frequency of FOXP3+ Tregs and an increased frequency of Th17 cells in some patients with active disease. However, the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in STAT3 GOF syndrome remain largely unknown, and treatment is challenging. We developed a knock-in mouse model harboring a de novo pathogenic human STAT3 variant (p.G421R) and found these mice developed T cell dysregulation, lymphoproliferation, and CD4+ Th1 cell skewing. Surprisingly, Treg numbers, phenotype, and function remained largely intact; however, mice had a selective deficiency in the generation of iTregs. In parallel, we performed single-cell RNA-Seq on T cells from STAT3 GOF patients. We demonstrate only minor changes in the Treg transcriptional signature and an expanded, effector CD8+ T cell population. Together, these findings suggest that Tregs are not the primary driver of disease and highlight the importance of preclinical models in the study of disease mechanisms in rare PIRD