El sistema bancario en Nicaragua y su incidencia en los sectores productivos : Evaluación del financiamiento del sistema bancario al sector ganadero periodo 2012-2016

En el presente seminario de graduación se aborda como tema general El sistema bancario en Nicaragua y su incidencia en los sectores productivos y como subtema Evaluación de financiamiento del sistema bancario al sector ganadero periodo 2012 al 2016, en cual se busca Analizar el impacto que tiene el financiamiento que brinda el sector bancario al sector ganadero durante el periodo 2012 al 2016. La información científica que se recopiló sirve para dar cumplimientos a nuestros objetivos planteados, entre ellos se realiza un estudio de las variables macroeconómicas del país, se estudia la ganadería como actividad economica que aporta al crecimiento económico, estabilidad, así como la producción del hato ganadero en el periodo 20122016; de igual manera se analiza el impacto que tiene el sector bancario (privado, público) con los créditos otorgados a ganaderos del país, se plantean el plazo, monto, tasa de interés y requerimientos para optar al préstamo. El trabajo presenta diversa maneras de presentar la información obtenida, como son gráficos y tablas, que se realizaron de manera propia con el fin de comprender con mayor facilidad datos numéricos incluidos en el desarrollo del seminario de graduación. Se recopiló información primaria y secundaria, las cuales provienen de instituciones gubernamentales como privadas, entre ellas destaca el Banco Central de Nicaragua, CENAGRO, APEN, bancos privados y público, que atienden el sector de la ganadería e información de periódicos de circulación nacional como La Prensa y El Nuevo Diario, implementando las Normas APA. Palabras claves: variables macroeconómicas, PIB, valor bruto de producción, valor agregado, ganadería, bancos, préstamos

Adverse prognostic impact of complex karyotype (≥3 cytogenetic alterations) in adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL)

© 2021 The Author(s).The potential prognostic value of conventional karyotyping in adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains an open question. We hypothesized that a modified cytogenetic classification, based on the number and type of cytogenetic abnormalities, would allow the identification of high-risk adult T-ALL patients. Complex karyotype defined by the presence of ≥3 cytogenetic alterations identified T-ALL patients with poor prognosis in this study. Karyotypes with ≥3 abnormalities accounted for 16 % (22/139) of all evaluable karyotypes, corresponding to the largest poor prognosis cytogenetic subgroup of T-ALL identified so far. Patients carrying karyotypes with ≥3 cytogenetic alterations showed a significantly inferior response to therapy, and a poor outcome in terms of event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), independently of other baseline characteristics and the end-induction minimal residual disease (MRD) level. Additional molecular analyses of patients carrying ≥3 cytogenetic alterations showed a unique molecular profile that could contribute to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance and to evaluate novel targeted therapies (e.g. IL7R directed) with potential impact on outcome of adult T-ALL patients.This project was supported by the AECC (GC16173697BIGA); ISCIII (PI19/01828) co-funded by ERDF/ESF "A way to make Europe"/ "Investing in your future", CERCA/Generalitat de Catalunya SGR 2017 288 (GRC)/ “La Caixa” P. Barba was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS16/01433 and PERIS 2018-2020 from Generalitat de Catalunya (BDNS357800)

Unique clinico-biological, genetic and prognostic features of adult early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Early T-cell precursor (ETP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), was first identified within cases of childhood T-ALL based on its unique immunophenotypic and genetic features of limited (early) T-cell differentiation associated with (some) myeloid and stem cell features.1 Thus ETP-ALL blasts express CD7, dim CD5 (<75% positive cells), in the absence of CD1a and CD8, and positivity for ≥1 myeloid/stem cell related markers (i.e., CD34, CD13 or CD33).21 In turn, ETP-ALL frequently shows myeloid-associated gene alterations such as FLT3, NRAS/KRAS, DNMT3A, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations,43 with lower frequencies of other T-ALL-associated mutations (e.g., NOTCH1 and CDKN2A/B gene mutations).65 The World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification of ALL included ETP-ALL for the first time, as a provisional entity,7 but it failed to establish robust diagnostic criteria. Thus, after the first immunophenotypic characterization of ETP-ALL by Coustan-Smith et al.1 the proposed criteria did not allow identification of all ETP-ALL cases as detected by gene expression profiling.2 In addition, the “partial CD5 expression” criterion had a negative impact on the reproducibility of ETP-ALL diagnoses because of the lack of standardization of the method used for its assessment. Because of this, Zuubier et al. proposed refined immunophenotypic criteria by excluding CD5 expression while adding negativity for CD4.2Funding: this project was supported by the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (project ref: GC16173697BIGA), PI14/01971 FIS, Instituto Carlos III, CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya, 2014-SGR225 (GRE), Obra Social “La Caixa” . This work was also partially supported by FEDER funds from the ISCIII (PT13/0010/0026, CIBERONC (CB16/12/00284 and CB16/12/00400), Madrid, Spain). P. Barba was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS16/01433 and PERIS 2018-2020 from Generalitat de Catalunya (BDNS357800) grant

Reproducibility of fluorescent expression from engineered biological constructs in E. coli

We present results of the first large-scale interlaboratory study carried out in synthetic biology, as part of the 2014 and 2015 International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competitions. Participants at 88 institutions around the world measured fluorescence from three engineered constitutive constructs in E. coli. Few participants were able to measure absolute fluorescence, so data was analyzed in terms of ratios. Precision was strongly related to fluorescent strength, ranging from 1.54-fold standard deviation for the ratio between strong promoters to 5.75-fold for the ratio between the strongest and weakest promoter, and while host strain did not affect expression ratios, choice of instrument did. This result shows that high quantitative precision and reproducibility of results is possible, while at the same time indicating areas needing improved laboratory practices.Peer reviewe