Centralized and decentralized management of groundwater with multiple users

Cataloged from PDF version of article.In this work, we investigate two groundwater inventory management schemes with multiple users in a dynamic game-theoretic structure: (i) under the centralized management scheme, users are allowed to pump water from a common aquifer with the supervision of a social planner, and (ii) under the decentralized management scheme, each user is allowed to pump water from a common aquifer making usage decisions individually in a non-cooperative fashion. This work is motivated by the work of Saak and Peterson [14], which considers a model with two identical users sharing a common aquifer over a two-period planning horizon. In our work, the model and results of Saak and Peterson [14] are generalized in several directions. We first build on and extend their work to the case of n non-identical users distributed over a common aquifer region. Furthermore, we consider two different geometric configurations overlying the aquifer, namely, the strip and the ring configurations. In each configuration, general analytical results of the optimal groundwater usage are obtained and numerical examples are discussed for both centralized and decentralized problems. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Simulation of intermittent beam ion loss in a Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor experiment

Recurrent bursts of toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmodes (TAE) are studied using a self-consistent simulation model. Bursts of beam ion losses observed in the neutral beam injection experiment at the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [K. L. Wong et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1874 (1991)] are reproduced using experimental parameters. It is found that synchronized TAE bursts take place at regular time intervals of 2.9 ms, which is close to the experimental value of 2.2 ms. The stored beam energy saturates at about 40% of that of the classical slowing down distribution. The stored beam energy drop associated with each burst has a modulation depth of 10%, which is also close to the inferred experimental value of 7%. Surface of section plots demonstrate that both the resonance overlap of different eigenmodes and the disappearance of KAM surfaces in phase space due to overlap of higher-order islands created by a single eigenmode lead to particle loss. Only co-injected beam ions build up to a significant stored energy even though their distribution is flattened in the plasma center. However, they are not directly lost, as their orbits extend beyond the outer plasma edge when the core plasma leans on a high field side limiter. The saturation amplitude is deltaB/B~2×10^?2, which is larger than would appear to be compatible with experiment. Physical arguments are presented for why the stored energetic particle response observed in the simulation is still plausible