84 research outputs found

    From surface fault traces to a fault growth model: the Vogar fissure swarm of the Reykjanes Peninsula, Southwest Iceland

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    International audienceThe Vogar Fissure Swarm is one of four en-echelon fracture swarms that connect the Reykjanes Ridge to the South Iceland Seismic Zone and the Western Volcanic Zone. Occurring in an area of flat topography, this fissure swarm is clearly visible at the surface, where it can be seen to affect recent postglacial lavas. Using remote sensing methods to identify and measure all the faults and fractures in the swarm, combined with additional field observations and measurements, we measured 478 individual fractures, 33% of them being faults and 67% being fissures. The fracture lengths show roughly log-normal distributions. Most of the individual fractures belong to 68 main composite fractures, seven of which are longer than 2500 m and correspond to the main fault scarps of the fissure swarm. We showed that these main faults are distributed along five, equally spaced zones, ~500 m apart and a few kilometers long. We drawn 71 across-strike profiles to characterize the shape of the fault scarps, and 5 along-strike profiles to characterize the evolution of vertical throw along the main faults. Each fault consists of a coalescence of individual segments of approximately equal length. Fault throws are never larger than 10 m and are smallest at the junctions between individual segments. Analyses of along-strike throw profiles allowed us to determine the early stages of growth after coalescence. The earliest stage is characterized by an increase in the throw of the central parts of segments. This is followed by a second stage during which the throw increases at the junctions between segments, progressively erasing these small- throw zones

    Reactive transport modelling of carbonate cementation in a deep saline aquifer, the Middle Jurassic Oolithe Blanche Formation, Paris Basin, France.

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    10 pagesInternational audienceThe Oolithe Blanche Formation (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) is one of the deep saline aquifers of the Paris Basin in France. The spatial distribution of its reservoir properties (porosity, permeability, tortuosity, etc.) is now better known with relatively homogeneous properties, except for some levels in the central part of the basin, where permeability exhibits higher values. This spatial distribution has been correlated with diagenetic events (variability of cementation) and palaeo-fluid flow circulation phases leading to variable cementation. In this paper, numerical simulations of reactive transport are performed. They provide a preliminary quantitative analysis of the Oolithe Blanche Formation, the type of fluids involved, the duration of fluid flow, and the time required to reduce the primary porosity of the Bathonian sediments by 10% due to cementation. Our results from the reactive transport simulations along a flow line, and a parameter sensitivity analysis suggest that diagenesis processes driven by meteoric water recharge do not exclusively cause the 10% decrease in porosity. Other geochemical and hydrogeologic processes must be involved

    Iceland, an Emerging Ocean Rift

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    Déformations cassantes et champs de contrainte tertiaires dans la plate-forme européenne.

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    Il ne s'agit pas d'une thĂšse d'universitĂ©, mais d'une ancienne ThĂšse de Doctorat d'Etat (Ă©quivalent HDR).An analysis of Cenozoic brittle deformation in the European platform has been carried out between the Bohemian Massif to the east and the Western Mediterranean Sea to the west. A succession of four main paleostress fields has been defined: (1) N–S compression of late Eocene age. This event induced the formation of the “German-Czech triangle,” bounded on the east by the NW-SE dextral strike-slip faults of Pfahl and Franconia and on the west by the NNE-SSW sinistral strike-slip faults along the axis of the future west European Rift, (2) E–W Oligocene extension that opened the west European Rift. (3) NE-SW compression, early Miocene in age, that reactivated the Pfahl fault line (as a reverse fault) and the main faults of the Rhinegraben (as dextral strike-slip faults). (4) Finally, since the end of the Miocene, a fan-shaped distribution of directions of compression has developed at the periphery of the Alpine arc. However, farther from the Alpine chain, a more consistent direction of compression has dominated (first NW-SE, then NNW-SSE). A comparison with plate tectonic data demonstrates that this succession of tectonic events is compatible with the reconstruction of relative movements between Africa and Eurasia during the Cenozoic collision. However, some local stress patterns, close to the Alps, are clearly related to the local evolution of the Alpine arc.Une analyse de la dĂ©formation cassante cĂ©nozoĂŻque dans la plateforme europĂ©enne a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e entre le massif de BohĂȘme Ă  l'est et la MĂ©diterranĂ©e occidentale Ă  l'ouest. Une succession de quatre palĂ©o-champs de contraintes principaux a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©e : (1)une compression NS d'Ăąge Ă©ocĂšne. Cet Ă©vĂ©nement induit la formation du « triangle Allemand-TchĂšque » bordĂ© Ă  l'est par les dĂ©crochements dextres NW-SE de Pfahl et de Franconie et Ă  l'ouest par des dĂ©crochements sĂ©nestres NNE-SSW, le long de l'axe du futur rift ouest-europĂ©en, (2) une extension E-W oligocĂšne qui a ouvert le rift ouest-eurpĂ©en, (3) une compression NE-SW, du dĂ©but MiocĂšne, qui a rĂ©activĂ© en faille inverse la ligne de Pfahl et comme dĂ©crochements dextres les principales failles du fossĂ© rhĂ©nan, (4) et finalement depuis la fin du miocĂšne, une distribution en Ă©ventail des directions de compression qui s'est dĂ©veloppĂ©e Ă  la pĂ©riphĂ©rie de l'arc alpin. Cependant, Ă  une certaine distance du front de la chaĂźne, une direction de compression NW-SE, puis NNW-SSE, a prĂ©valu. Une comparaison avec des donnĂ©es cinĂ©matiques des plaques dĂ©montre que cette succession d'Ă©vĂ©nements tectoniques cassants est compatible avec la reconstruction des mouvements relatifs entre l'Afrique et l'Eurasie pendant la collision cĂ©nozoĂŻque, quelques Ă©tats de contrainte locaux locaux prĂšs des Alpes, sont cependant clairement liĂ©s Ă  l'Ă©volution locale de l'arc alpin

    La géologie et la Grande Guerre quel rapport ?

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    PrĂ©sentation de l’ouvrage : 14-18, la Terre et le Feu. GĂ©ologie et gĂ©ologues sur le front occidental (2018). Co-Ă©dition AGBP-COFRHIGEO-SGN, MĂ©m. h.-s. n°10 de l’AGBP, 480 p., 355 ill.

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    During the First World War, the soldiers' immediate environment, conditioning the "warrior fact", was largely constrained by geology and in particular by the morpho-structural features, the composition of the soil and subsoil and hydrogeology. Although it was either valorized or ignored depending on the armies, the place of geologists in the conflict was often decisive, especially for research and exploitation of resources. Their patriotic engagement has influenced international scientific relations for several years after the end of the conflict. Finally, soils and waters, which are still polluted one hundred years after the end of the conflict, are at the heart of current environmental concerns, and are the subject of today's geological research.Pendant la premiĂšre guerre mondiale, l'environnement immĂ©diat des soldats, conditionnant le « fait guerrier », fut largement contraint par la gĂ©ologie et en particulier par les traits morpho-structuraux, la nature des terrains et l’hydrogĂ©ologie. Quoiqu'elle ait Ă©tĂ© plus ou moins valorisĂ©e par les Ă©tats-majors suivant les armĂ©es, la place des gĂ©ologues dans le conflit fut souvent dĂ©terminante, en particulier pour la recherche et l’exploitation des ressources. Leur engagement patriotique a influencĂ© les relations scientifiques internationales pendant plusieurs annĂ©es aprĂšs la fin des combats. Enfin, les sols et des eaux, encore polluĂ©s cent ans aprĂšs la fin du conflit, sont au coeur des prĂ©occupations environnementales actuelles et font aujourd'hui l'objet de recherches gĂ©ologiques

    L’Islande, un rift ocĂ©anique Ă©mergĂ©

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    PrĂ©sentation de l’ouvrage « 14-18, la Terre et le Feu. GĂ©ologie et gĂ©ologues sur le front occidental »

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    GRANDE GUERRE, GÉOLOGIE ET CYCLISME : LE « CIRCUIT DES CHAMPS DE BATAILLE »

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    International audienceThe “Tour of the Battlefields” is a cycling race organized by Le Petit Journal from April 28 to May 11, 1919, which traversedthe areas devastated by the war that had just ended. It crossed the Ardennes, the Vosges and the Rhinegraben, but took place mainly in the Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary formations of the Paris and Belgian basins and crossed all the eastern coasts landforms. It was marked by terrible weather conditions: cold, wind, rain, hail and even snow, on roads damaged by four years of war. Out of 138 registered riders, 87 started and only 21 succeeded to go to the end of the course, achieving a fantastic sporting feat.Le « Circuit des Champs de Bataille » est une course cycliste, organisĂ©e par Le Petit Journal du 28 avril au 11 mai 1919, qui parcourut les zones dĂ©vastĂ©es par la guerre qui venait de s’achever. Elle traversa l’Ardenne, les Vosges et le FossĂ© rhĂ©nan, mais se dĂ©roula essentiellement dans les formations sĂ©dimentaires mĂ©so-cĂ©nozoĂŻques des bassins parisien et belge et en franchit l’ensemble des reliefs de cĂŽtes. Elle fut marquĂ©e par des conditions climatiques Ă©pouvantables : froid, vent, pluie, grĂȘle et mĂȘme neige, sur des routes abĂźmĂ©es par quatre ans de guerre. Sur 138 coureurs inscrits, 87 prirent le dĂ©part et seuls 21 rĂ©ussirent Ă  aller jusqu’au bout du parcours, rĂ©alisant lĂ  un fantastique exploit sportif
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