The main reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from business

The purpose of the article is to study the reasons for the termination of entrepreneurial activity, as well as the accumulated experience of entrepreneurs leaving their business. Research on the principles and concepts of business termination became widespread in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. At first, only Western European and American scientists were interested in this problem. Since 2005, the geography of researchers has expanded significantly. Our analysis is based on the consideration of monographs, articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, published working papers and research reports. The article presents the characteristics of the main reasons and ways of entrepreneurs out of business. Author proposes their classification and systematization. The results of the study can be used in scientific research of entrepreneurship. They can be used in the educational activities of higher educational institutions. The results are of interest to existing entrepreneurs, helping them to properly build business exit programs

Evaluation of indicators of entrepreneurial potential in 2018

Entrepreneurial potential of the population is largely determined by how adults evaluate their intentions in terms of creating their own business. The purpose of the study was to assess the existing indicators in 2018 that characterize the potential entrepreneurial activity of the population in different countries. The self-assessment of people on such factors as their ability and ability to create their own businesses, entrepreneurial purposes, fear of failure in this activity, as well as the presence of familiar entrepreneurs were considered as the estimated indicators. The study used information from the Global entrepreneurship monitor for 2018 for 48 countries. Three hypotheses were tested using mathematical models representing the density functions of the normal distribution. Five indicators of entrepreneurial potential were used to determine their average values for the countries under consideration. Countries with high and low values of indicators were identified. A comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial potential in Russia and foreign countries is carried out

Оценка специализации начинающих предпринимателей различных стран в 2018 году

Entrepreneurship is of great value in the modern economy. It provides a significant increase in the production of goods, works and services in the vast majority of countries, creates new jobs, increases the level of competitiveness and innovation. The article is devoted to the study of involvement in different type entrepreneurship activity. The study was based on data results on the adult population survey, i.e. between the ages of 18 and 64 years. The global monitoring process collected data on a wide range of indicators characterizing female and male entrepreneurship for 48 countries in 2018. During the made study, following two hypotheses were confirmed: indicators of specific weight of early entrepreneurs that specialize in certain types of activities differ significantly according to the countries; in most countries, activities such as trade and variety of services predominate in the early stages of entrepreneurial activity. The results of the research, which have scientific novelty, are as follows: analyze of the existing levels of sector specialization of early entrepreneurs; high quality  approximation of the initial data by the dependences given in the article is proved; proved the predominance in most countries of early entrepreneurs, specialized in wholesale and retail trade; installed countries with high and low levels of the considered indicators.El emprendimiento es de gran valor en la economía moderna. Proporciona un aumento significativo en la producción de bienes, obras y servicios en la gran mayoría de los países, crea nuevos empleos, aumenta el nivel de competitividad e innovación. El artículo está dedicado al estudio de la participación en diferentes tipos de actividad empresarial. El estudio se basó en los resultados de los datos de la encuesta de población adulta, es decir, entre las edades de 18 y 64 años. El proceso de monitoreo global recopiló datos sobre una amplia gama de indicadores que caracterizan el emprendimiento femenino y masculino para 48 países en 2018. Durante el estudio realizado, se confirmaron dos hipótesis: los indicadores del peso específico de los primeros empresarios que se especializan en ciertos tipos de actividades difieren significativamente segun los paises; En la mayoría de los países, actividades como el comercio y la variedad de servicios predominan en las primeras etapas de la actividad empresarial. Los resultados de la investigación, que tienen novedad científica, son los siguientes: analizar los niveles existentes de especialización sectorial de los primeros empresarios; se demuestra una aproximación de alta calidad de los datos iniciales por las dependencias dadas en el artículo; demostró el predominio en la mayoría de los países de los primeros empresarios, especializados en el comercio mayorista y minorista; países instalados con niveles altos y bajos de los indicadores considerados.Предпринимательство имеет большое значение в современных национальных экономиках. Оно создает предпосылки увеличения обеспеченностью населения товарами, работами и услугами во многих странах, создания новых рабочих мест, повышения уровня конкурентоспособности и инноваций. В статье рассматриваются индикаторы  специализации ранних предпринимателей. В исследовании были использованы итоги  социологического опроса начинающих бизнесменов в возрасте от 18 до 64 лет. В 2018 году такое обследование включало данные по 48 странам. Тестировались и были подтверждены две гипотезы: конкретные показатели веса ранних предпринимателей, специализирующихся на определенных видах деятельности, существенно различаются по странам; в большинстве стран такие виды деятельности, как торговля и разнообразие услуг, преобладают на ранних стадиях предпринимательской деятельности. К результатам исследования, которые имеют оригинальность, относятся: определение сложившихся  уровней отраслевой специализации ранних предпринимателей; высокое качество разработанных математических моделей; доказано, что в большинстве стран преобладают ранние предприниматели, специализирующиеся на оптовой и розничной торговле; выявлены страны, с высокими и низкими уровнями рассматриваемых показателей

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ ПРОГРАММ В БЮДЖЕТНОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ

The development and introduction into the budget process of programs designed for all levels of the Russian budget system made it possible to draw up the budget as a policy document defining targets and results to be achieved in the execution of the financial plan of the government. The relevance of the subject is determined by the reform of the budget process in the part of the budget expenditure planning. The local finances play a significant part in the financial system since they convey the results of the financial, economic and social activities of companies andorganizations to direct consumers of federal and municipal services and transform the economic potential intoconcrete results - a higher living standard or a comfortable environment. The purpose of the paper is to examine the organization and the legal support of municipal programs. The paper describes how a municipal program is developed and what methods are used to assess its effectiveness. It is concluded that program implementation reports should be published on a regular basis.Развитие и введение в составление бюджета программ, разработанных для всех уровней, позволили составить бюджет как программный документ, определяющий цели и результаты, которые будут достигнуты при выполнении финансового плана Правительства. В статье рассматривается реформа в составлении бюджета в части планирования расходов. Местные финансы играют значительную роль в финансовой системе, так как они передают результаты финансовой, экономической и общественной деятельности компаний и организаций непосредственным потребителям федеральных и муниципальных услуг и преобразуют экономический потенциал в конкретные результаты - более высокий уровень жизни или комфортные условия. Цель статьи - исследовать уровень организации и юридической поддержки муниципальных программ. В статье описывается, как разработана муниципальная программа и какие методы используются для оценки ее эффективность. Авторы приходят к выводу, что отчеты о внедрении программы должны публиковаться на регулярной основе

Molecular architecture influences on material properties of pharmaceutical compounds

Salt formation has extensively been studied as a strategy to improve drug solubility but it has not been explored as a strategy to improve mechanical properties. A better understanding of which factors of the solid state can have an influence in the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical powders can help to optimise and reduce cost of tablet manufacturing. The aim of this study was to form different series of amine salts of flurbiprofen, gemfibrozil and diclofenac and to establish predictive relationships between architectural characteristics and physicochemical and mechanical properties of the salts. For this purpose, three different carboxylic acid drugs were selected: flurbiprofen, gemfibrozil and diclofenac, similar in size but varying in flexibility and shape and three different series of counterions were also chosen: one with increasing bulk and no hydroxyl groups to limit the hydrogen bonding potential; a second one with increasing number of hydroxyl groups and finally a third series, related to the latter in number of hydroxyl groups but with different molecular shape and flexibility. Physico-chemical characterization was performed (DSC, TGA, solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate, particle size, true density) and mechanical properties measured using a compaction replicator. Strained molecular conformations produce weaker compacts as they have higher energy than preferred conformations that usually lie close to energy minimums and oppose plastic deformation. It was observed that slip planes, which correspond to regions of weakest interaction between the planes, were associated with improved plasticity and stronger compacts. Apart from hydrogen bonds, profuse van der Waals forces can result in ineffective slip planes. Salts displaying two-dimensional densely hydrogen bonded layers produced stronger compacts than salts showing one-dimensional networks of non-bonded columns, probably by reducing the attachment energy between layers. When hydrogen bonds are created intramolecularly, it is possible that the mechanical properties are compromised as they do not contribute so much to create twodimensional densely bonded layers and they can force molecules into strained conformations. Some types of hydrogen bonding network may be associated with improved mechanical properties, such as type II, or R (10) 3 4 using graph-set notation, versus type III, or R (12) 4 8 , columns. This work clearly demonstrates the potential of investigating crystal structure-mechanical property relationship in pharmaceutical materials.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Universal Situation as a Literary-Semantic Phenomenon: On the Example of Works by N.S. Leskov

The starting point of the research was the understanding of the fact that a literary work is created and exists in a particular social and cultural area and that a writer is guided by existential universals, eternal themes, motives, images, typological genre components and poetical means. The individual style of an author is revealed by the presentation of universal situations and his perception of them. In the works by N.S. Leskov the key universal situations are transfiguration of a person and the world by a righteous man, leaving home and a comeback, deception. The realization of a universal situation of transfiguration of the world and a man are impossible without some righteous activity performed by characters. Righteous characters are able to increase their spiritual grace and with the help of it to transfigure space and time, the world and mankind. The situation of leaving and coming back home is connected with Leskov’s idea that a home is a place which is full of peace, coziness. It correlates with the concept of a home in Russian culture and is the basis of the author’s world vision peculiarities. Referring to such situation the writer illustrates the degradation of a person who has lost his home as well as his renunciation of roots and loss of moral landmarks. The universal situation of deception in Leskov’s Christmas tales has an effect of a distorting mirror, a change in value landmarks (from material and spiritual), moral lesson that highlights the axiological perception of the writer. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s7p9

Experience in implementing a program for basic life support and available automated defibrillation in a cancer center

Unified approaches to ensuring the chain of survival can improve the patient’s prognosis both in out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest.Aim. To discuss practical issues of introducing a program for the availability of automated external defibrillation in a cancer center.Material and methods. For four years, our healthcare facility has been implementing a training program for basic and advanced life support according to the European Resuscitation Council standards, combined with the creation and development of an infrastructure for the availability of automatic defibrillation. A roadmap and infrastructure were developed for the project implementation.Results. In 2018-2022, 229 employees (114 doctors, 85 nurses and 30 nonmedical workers) were trained under the basic life support program. Fifteen defibrillators were placed in various units. During the specified period, first aid in case of sudden cardiac arrest using an automated external defibrillator before the resuscitation team arrival was independently provided by doctors and nurses of departments three times. To implement training in the continuous education system, the curriculum has passed the examination and accreditation in the edu. rosminzdrav system.Conclusion. The development and implementation of such initiatives requires significant organizational and methodological work, including continuous education system. However, in our opinion, this is an extremely useful tool for improving the safety and quality of medical care

Types of hemodynamic response to orthostasis according to continuous blood pressure monitoring: a case series of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Heart failure (HF) is associated with unfavorable outcomes and high health care costs. Determination of the hemodynamic response to orthostasis can be an additional tool in assessing the stability and compensation of HF patients. Active orthostatic test (AOT) with blood pressure monitoring serves as a simple and available screening method. However, a complete characteristic of the hemodynamic response, especially during the first minute of orthostasis, can be obtained only with continuous blood pressure monitoring. The presented case series demonstrate the types of hemodynamic response in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in AOT with continuous blood pressure monitoring, available data on the mechanisms of its development, clinical and prognostic role, and also presents the advantages and limitations of AOT

Analysis of trends in changes of child disability in Russia and Sverdlovsk region

The article discusses one of the most important medical and social indicators of public health - child disability. The aim of the work was to study changes in the indicators of children's disability in the Sverdlovsk region and in the Russian Federation for the period 2014-2018. During the analyzed period, a tendency was identified to increase the proportion of disabled children among the population in both territories, as well as an increase in the level of child disability in the Russian Federation. The structure is dominated by mental disorders, diseases of the nervous and endocrine systems. The data obtained can serve as a basis for substantiating adaptation programs for children with disabilitiesВ статье рассматривается один из важнейших медико-социальных показателей общественного здоровья — детская инвалидность. Целью работы являлось изучение изменений показателей инвалидности детского на селения в Российской Федерации и Свердловской области за период 2014-2018 гг. В анализируемый период выявлена тенденция к увеличению доли детей-инвалидов среди населения на обеих территориях, а также рост уровня детской инвалидности на территории РФ. В структуре преобладают психические расстройства, болезни нервной и эндокринной систем. Полученные данные могут служить основой для обоснования программ адаптации детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровь