349 research outputs found
First polarimetric observations and modeling of the FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system
Lines of diatomic molecules are more temperature and pressure sensitive than
atomic lines, which makes them ideal tools for studying cool stellar
atmospheres an internal structure of sunspots and starspots. The FeH F^4
Delta-X^4 Delta system represents such an example that exhibits in addition a
large magnetic field sensitivity. The current theoretical descriptions of these
transitions including the molecular constants involved are only based on
intensity measurements because polarimetric observations have not been
available so far, which limits their diagnostic value. We present for the first
time spectropolarimetric observations of the FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system
measured in sunspots to investigate their diagnostic capabilities for probing
solar and stellar magnetic fields. We investigate whether the current
theoretical model of FeH can reproduce the observed Stokes profiles including
their magnetic properties. The polarimetric observations are compared with
synthetic Stokes profiles modeled with radiative transfer calculations. This
allows us to infer the temperature and the magnetic field strength of the
observed sunspots. We find that the current theory successfully reproduces the
magnetic properties of a large number of lines in the FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta
system. In a few cases the observations indicate a larger Zeeman splitting than
predicted by the theory. There, our observations have provided additional
constraints, which allowed us to determine empirical molecular constants. The
FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system is found to be a very sensitive magnetic
diagnostic tool. Polarimetric data of these lines provide us with more direct
information to study the coolest parts of astrophysical objects.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Paschen-Back effect in the CrH molecule and its application for magnetic field measurements on stars, brown dwarfs, and hot exoplanets
We investigated the Paschen-Back effect in the (0,0) band of the
A6{\Sigma}+-X6{\Sigma}+ system of the CrH molecule, and we examined its
potential for estimating magnetic fields on stars and substellar objects, such
as brown dwarfs and hot exoplanets. We carried out quantum mechanical
calculations to obtain the energy level structure of the
electronic-vibrational-rotational states considered both in the absence and in
the presence of a magnetic field. Level mixing due to magnetic field
perturbation (the Paschen-Back effect) was consistently taken into account.
Then, we calculated frequencies and strengths of transitions between magnetic
sublevels. Employing these results and solving numerically a set of the
radiative transfer equations for polarized radiation, we calculated Stokes
parameters for both the individual lines and the (0,0) band depending on the
strength and orientation of the magnetic field. We demonstrate that magnetic
splitting of the individual CrH lines shows a significant asymmetry due to the
Paschen-Back effect already at 1 G field. This leads to a considerable signal
in both circular and linear polarization, up to 30 percent at the magnetic
field strength of more than 3 kG in early L dwarfs. The polarization does not
cancel out completely even at very low spectral resolution and is seen as
broad-band polarization of a few percent. Since the line asymmetry depends only
on the magnetic field strength and not on the filling factor, CrH lines provide
a very sensitive tool for direct measurement of the stellar magnetic fields on
faint cool objects, such as brown dwarfs and hot Jupiters, observed with low
spectral resolution.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, to be published in A&
The first close-up of the "flip-flop" phenomenon in a single star
We present temperature maps of the active late-type giant FK Com which
exhibit the first imagining record of the ``flip-flop'' phenomenon in a single
star. The phenomenon, in which the main part of the spot activity shifts 180
degrees in longitude, discovered a decade ago in FK Com, was reported later
also in a number of RS CVn binaries and a single young dwarf. With the surface
images obtained right before and after the ``flip-flop'', we clearly show that
the ``flip-flop'' phenomenon in FK Com is caused by changing the relative
strengths of the spot groups at the two active longitudes, with no actual spot
movements across the stellar surface, i.e. exactly as it happens in other
active stars.Comment: 4 pages, accepted by A&A Letter
Center-to-limb polarization in continuum spectra of F, G, K stars
Context. Scattering and absorption processes in stellar atmosphere affect the
center-to-limb variations of the intensity (CLVI) and the linear polarization
(CLVP) of stellar radiation. Aims. There are several theoretical and
observational studies of CLVI using different stellar models, however, most
studies of CLVP have concentrated on the solar atmosphere and have not
considered the CLVP in cooler non-gray stellar atmospheres at all. In this
paper, we present a theoretical study of the CLV of the intensity and the
linear polarization in continuum spectra of different spectral type stars.
Methods. We solve the radiative transfer equations for polarized light
iteratively assuming no magnetic field and considering a plane-parallel model
atmospheres and various opacities. Results. We calculate the CLVI and the CLVP
for Phoenix stellar model atmospheres for the range of effective temperatures
(4500K - 6900K), gravities (log g = 3.0 - 5.0), and wavelengths (4000 - 7000
{\AA}), which are tabulated and available at the Strasbourg astronomical Data
Center (CDS). In addition, we present several tests of our code and compare our
results with measurements and calculations of CLVI and the CLVP for the Sun.
The resulting CLVI are fitted with polynomials and their coefficients are
presented in this paper. Conclusions. For the stellar model atmospheres with
lower gravity and effective temperature the CLVP is larger.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
Orbital parameters of extrasolar planets derived from polarimetry
Polarimetry of extrasolar planets becomes a new tool for their investigation,
which requires the development of diagnostic techniques and parameter case
studies. Our goal is to develop a theoretical model which can be applied to
interpret polarimetric observations of extrasolar planets. Here we present a
theoretical parameter study that shows the influence of the various involved
parameters on the polarization curves. Furthermore, we investigate the
robustness of the fitting procedure. We employ the physics of Rayleigh
scattering to obtain polarization curves of an unresolved extrasolar planet.
Calculations are made for two cases: (i) assuming an angular distribution for
the intensity of the scattered light as from a Lambert sphere and for
polarization as from a Rayleigh-type scatterer, and (ii) assuming that both the
intensity and polarization of the scattered light are distributed according to
the Rayleigh law. We show that the difference between these two cases is
negligible for the shapes of the polarization curves. In addition, we take the
size of the host star into account, which is relevant for hot Jupiters orbiting
giant stars
Non-Axisymmetric Magnetic Fields and Flip-Flops on the Sun and Cool Stars
The modulation of solar activity closely follows the solar rotation period suggesting the existence of long-lived active regions at preferred longitudes. For instance, two preferred active longitudes in both southern and northern hemispheres are found to be persistent at the century time scale. These regions migrate with differential rotation and periodically alternate their activity levels showing a flip-flop cycle. The pattern and behaviour of active longitudes on the Sun is similar to that on cool, rapidly rotating stars with outer convective envelopes. This suggests that the magnetic dynamo, including non-axisymmetric magnetic fields and flip-flop cycles, is also similar in these stars. This allows us to overview the phenomenon of stellar magnetic activity and to study it in detail on the Su
- …