Deux sites de l’âge du Bronze final IIb à Nice (Alpes-Maritimes)

Deux sites du Bronze final IIb ont été anciennement découverts sur la Colline du Château à Nice, le premier qui correspond à un habitat de plein air sur le plateau même et le second dans la falaise le bordant où une grotte sépulcrale à inhumations sera réutilisée ultérieurement par un habitat riche en faune alimentaire. L’intérêt est aussi de présenter, dans une région qui manque de références pour cette période, une série céramologique du Bronze final IIb.Two late Bronze Age sites from Nice (Alpes-Maritimes). This paper presents two late Bronze Age sites that had been discovered on the castle hill in Nice. The first is an open-air habitat on the plateau, and the second is on the adjacent cliff and comprises a cave burial with inhumations that subsequently revealed a site that was rich with animal food resources. This paper also presents a ceramic assemblage for a region that lacks such data for this period

Un habitat perché et fortifié du Ve s. av. n. è. sur le mont Peigros, Sainte-Maxime (Var)

Au cours d’un siècle, le Ve av. n.è., qui voit les échanges économiques profondément modifiés par le commerce maritime et par l’activité économique des colons grecs de Marseille, l’habitat perché fortifié du Peigros témoigne, par son mobilier, de la persistance d’un mode de vie indigène, fondé sur des activités agro-pastorales, et peu tourné vers les échanges extérieurs. Édifié sur le sommet culminant des Maures orientales, il fait partie des sites fortifiés qui se situent sur le pourtour des Maures orientales et se range parmi les habitats fortifiés de petite dimension. La céramique importée de Marseille reste très minoritaire à côté d’une céramique modelée abondante. Les analyses palynologiques et carpologiques rendent compte d’un milieu de maquis en cours d’ouverture pour une agriculture de céréales et de légumineuses adaptée aux terrains pauvres et de prairies d’élevage.During the Vth century BC, economic exchanges are deeply modified by the expansion of the sea trade and by the economic activity of the Greeks of Massilia. However, the fortified hilltop settlement of le Peigros illustrates a traditional indigenous way of life, based upon an agro-pastoral activity, and barely dealing with outside imports. Settled on the highest point of Les Maures orientales ranges, it is located on the margins of this range, as all other known fortified sites. The Greek imported ceramic from Massilia remains scarce in comparison with the numerous hand-made common forms. Pollens and macro-remains analyses shed light on a maquis landscape partially cleared for cereals and pulses cultivation and grazing

Syphilis at the Crossroad of Phylogenetics and Paleopathology

The origin of syphilis is still controversial. Different research avenues explore its fascinating history. Here we employed a new integrative approach, where paleopathology and molecular analyses are combined. As an exercise to test the validity of this approach we examined different hypotheses on the origin of syphilis and other human diseases caused by treponemes (treponematoses). Initially, we constructed a worldwide map containing all accessible reports on palaeopathological evidences of treponematoses before Columbus's return to Europe. Then, we selected the oldest ones to calibrate the time of the most recent common ancestor of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. endemicum and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue in phylogenetic analyses with 21 genetic regions of different T. pallidum strains previously reported. Finally, we estimated the treponemes' evolutionary rate to test three scenarios: A) if treponematoses accompanied human evolution since Homo erectus; B) if venereal syphilis arose very recently from less virulent strains caught in the New World about 500 years ago, and C) if it emerged in the Americas between 16,500 and 5,000 years ago. Two of the resulting evolutionary rates were unlikely and do not explain the existent osseous evidence. Thus, treponematoses, as we know them today, did not emerge with H. erectus, nor did venereal syphilis appear only five centuries ago. However, considering 16,500 years before present (yBP) as the time of the first colonization of the Americas, and approximately 5,000 yBP as the oldest probable evidence of venereal syphilis in the world, we could not entirely reject hypothesis C. We confirm that syphilis seems to have emerged in this time span, since the resulting evolutionary rate is compatible with those observed in other bacteria. In contrast, if the claims of precolumbian venereal syphilis outside the Americas are taken into account, the place of origin remains unsolved. Finally, the endeavor of joining paleopathology and phylogenetics proved to be a fruitful and promising approach for the study of infectious diseases

Inventaire des sites de l’âge du Fer dans le Centre Var et une partie du Haut Var

National audienc

Food Production In The Capital Region

In 2012, the market value of food grown in the United States was measured to be approximately $394 billion. Agriculture is an important sector in the Greater Capital Region of New York State’s economy, accounting for$546,807,000 worth of produce sales. Our project will use census data to create profiles of the top meat and produce products grown in 11 counties across the Capital Region and the amount of employment that is provided by the Food Production sector