17 research outputs found
Control of Oxo-Group Functionalization and Reduction of the Uranyl Ion
yesUranyl complexes of a large, compartmental
N8-macrocycle adopt a rigid, âPacmanâ geometry that stabilizes
the UV oxidation state and promotes chemistry at a single
uranyl oxo-group. We present here new and straightforward
routes to singly reduced and oxo-silylated uranyl Pacman
complexes and propose mechanisms that account for the
product formation, and the byproduct distributions that are
formed using alternative reagents. Uranyl(VI) Pacman
complexes in which one oxo-group is functionalized by a
single metal cation are activated toward single-electron
reduction. As such, the addition of a second equivalent of a
Lewis acidic metal complex such as MgNâł2 (Nâł = N(SiMe3)2) forms a uranyl(V) complex in which both oxo-groups are Mg
functionalized as a result of MgâN bond homolysis. In contrast, reactions with the less Lewis acidic complex [Zn(Nâł)Cl] favor
the formation of weaker UâOâZn dative interactions, leading to reductive silylation of the uranyl oxo-group in preference to
metalation. Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational analysis of these reactions and of oxo-metalated products isolated
by other routes have allowed us to propose mechanisms that account for pathways to metalation or silylation of the exo-oxogroup
Cognition in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Consequences may be relative to working memory
Abstract The Relative Consequence Model proposes multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have a fundamental deficit in processing speed that compromises other cognitive functions. The present study examined the mediating role of processing speed, as well as working memory, in the MS-related effects on other cognitive functions for early relapsing-remitting patients. Seventy relapsing-remitting MS patients with disease duration not greater than 10 years and 72 controls completed tasks assessing processing speed, working memory, learning, and executive functioning. The possible mediating roles of speed and working memory in the MS-related effects on other cognitive functions were evaluated using structural equation modeling. Processing speed was not significantly related to group membership and could not have a mediating role. Working memory was related to group membership and functioned as a mediating/intervening factor. The results do not support the Relative Consequence Model in this sample and they challenge the notion that working memory impairment only emerges at later disease stages. The results do support a mediating/intervening role of working memory. These results were obtained for early relapsing-remitting MS patients and should not be generalized to the broader MS population. Instead, future research should examine the relations that exist at other disease stages. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1-12) Copyrigh
Tests of information processing speed: What do people with multiple sclerosis think about them?
Reduction in information processing speed (IPS) is a key deficit in multiple sclerosis (MS). The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Computerized Test of Information Processing (CTIP) are used to measure IPS. Both the PASAT and SDMT are sensitive to deficits in IPS. The CTIP, a newer task, also shows promise. The PASAT has several limitations, and it is often perceived negatively by patients. Yet little supporting quantitative evidence of such perceptions has been presented. Therefore, in this study, subjective ratings of likeability, difficulty, and appropriateness of the PASAT, CTIP, and SDMT were obtained. Ratings were compared between MS patients and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that ratings of the PASAT would differ significantly from those of the SDMT and CTIP. The relationship between subjective ratings and objective performance was evaluated. Sixty-nine MS patients and 68 matched controls rated the three tests in terms of likeability, difficulty, and appropriateness for capturing cognitive deficits often associated with MS using a Likert scale. Both groups rated the PASAT as most difficult and least likeable. The MS group rated the PASAT and SDMT as more appropriate for measuring MS-related deficits than the CTIP. Subjects who performed better on the PASAT were more likely to rate it as easier. Ratings of the SDMT and CTIP did not vary consistently with performance. The findings lend quantitative support to the common belief that the PASAT is perceived as unpleasant. Other tests are available that are similarly sensitive to deficits in IPS and more palatable to the patient
Tests of information processing speed: What do people with multiple sclerosis think about them?
Reduction in information processing speed (IPS) is a key deficit in multiple sclerosis (MS). The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Computerized Test of Information Processing (CTIP) are used to measure IPS. Both the PASAT and SDMT are sensitive to deficits in IPS. The CTIP, a newer task, also shows promise. The PASAT has several limitations, and it is often perceived negatively by patients. Yet little supporting quantitative evidence of such perceptions has been presented. Therefore, in this study, subjective ratings of likeability, difficulty, and appropriateness of the PASAT, CTIP, and SDMT were obtained. Ratings were compared between MS patients and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that ratings of the PASAT would differ significantly from those of the SDMT and CTIP. The relationship between subjective ratings and objective performance was evaluated. Sixty-nine MS patients and 68 matched controls rated the three tests in terms of likeability, difficulty, and appropriateness for capturing cognitive deficits often associated with MS using a Likert scale. Both groups rated the PASAT as most difficult and least likeable. The MS group rated the PASAT and SDMT as more appropriate for measuring MS-related deficits than the CTIP. Subjects who performed better on the PASAT were more likely to rate it as easier. Ratings of the SDMT and CTIP did not vary consistently with performance. The findings lend quantitative support to the common belief that the PASAT is perceived as unpleasant. Other tests are available that are similarly sensitive to deficits in IPS and more palatable to the patient
Free Energy of a Polymer in Slit-like Confinement from the Odijk Regime to the Bulk
We directly measure
the free energy of confinement for semiflexible
polymers from the nanoscale to bulk regimes in slit-like confinement.
We use convex lens-induced confinement (CLiC) microscopy of DNA to
directly count molecules at equilibrium in a single chamber of smoothly
increasing height. Our data, acquired across a continuum of confinement
regimes, provide a bridge with which to connect scaling theories established
for qualitatively different regimes. We present new experimental data
and simulations that connect the Odijk theory describing sub-persistence-length
confinement, the interpolation model by Chen and Sullivan extending
Odijk to moderate confinement, and the Casassa theory describing the
transition from moderate confinement to bulk. Further, this work establishes
a robust, quantitative platform for understanding and manipulating
biopolymers at the nanoscale, with key applications and insights toward
emerging genomic analysis tools