Contracts between Legal Persons

Contract law and the economics of contract have, for the most part, developed independently of each other. In this essay, we briefly review the notion of a contract from the perspective of lawyer, and then use this framework to organize the economics literature on contract. The title, Contracts between Legal Persons, limits the review to that part of contract law that is generic to any legal person. A legal person is any individual, firm or government agency with the right to enter into binding agreements. Our goal is to discuss the role of the law in enforcing these agreements under the hypothesis that the legal persons have well defined goals and objectives.contract law, law and economics, contract breach, contract theory, incomplete contracts

Contracts between Legal Persons

Contract law and the economics of contract have, for the most part, developed independently of each other. In this essay, we briefly review the notion of a contract from the perspective of lawyer, and then use this framework to organize the economics literature on contract. The review thus provides an overview of the literature for economists who are interested in exploring the economic implications of contract law. The title, Contracts between Legal Persons, limits the review to that part of contract law that is generic to any legal person. A legal person is any individual, firm or government agency with the right to enter into binding agreements. Our goal is to discuss the role of the law in enforcing these agreements under the hypothesis that the legal persons have well defined goals and objectives.

Correlative electrochemical microscopy of Li-Ion (De)intercalation at a series of individual LiMn2 O4 particles

The redox activity (Li‐ion intercalation/deintercalation) of a series of individual LiMn2O4 particles of known geometry and (nano)structure, within an array, is determined using a correlative electrochemical microscopy strategy. Cyclic voltammetry (current–voltage curve, I–E) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (voltage–time curve, E–t) are applied at the single particle level, using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), together with co‐location scanning electron microscopy that enables the corresponding particle size, morphology, crystallinity, and other factors to be visualized. This study identifies a wide spectrum of activity of nominally similar particles and highlights how subtle changes in particle form can greatly impact electrochemical properties. SECCM is well‐suited for assessing single particles and constitutes a combinatorial method that will enable the rational design and optimization of battery electrode materials

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy : a versatile method for highly localised corrosion related measurements on metal surfaces

The development of tools that can probe corrosion related phenomena at the (sub)microscale is recognized to be increasingly important in order to understand the surface structural factors (grain orientation, inclusions etc.) that control the (electro)chemical stability (corrosion susceptibility, pitting, passivity etc.) of metal surfaces. Herein we consider the application of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), a relatively new member of the electrochemical droplet cell (EDC) family, for corrosion research and demonstrate the power of this technique for resolving structure and activity at the (sub)microscale. Hundreds of spatially-resolved (2 μm droplet size) potentiodynamic polarization experiments have been carried out on the several hours timescale and correlated to complementary structural information from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in order to determine the effect of grain orientation and inclusions on electrochemical processes at low carbon steel in neutral solution (10 mM KNO3). Through this approach, it has been shown unequivocally that for the low index planes, anodic currents in the passive region (an indicator of corrosion susceptibility) are greatest on (101) planes compared to (100) and (111) planes. Furthermore, individual sub-micron MnS inclusions have been probed and shown to undergo active dissolution followed by rapid repassivation. This study demonstrates the high versatility of SECCM and the considerable potential of this technique for addressing structure-activity problems in corrosion and electromaterials science

Nanoscale electrochemical visualization of grain-dependent anodic iron dissolution from low carbon steel

The properties of steels and other alloys are often tailored to suit specific applications through the manipulation of microstructure (e.g., grain structure). Such microscopic heterogeneities are also known to modulate corrosion susceptibility/resistance, but the exact dependency remains unclear, largely due to the challenge of probing and correlating local electrochemistry and structure at complex (alloy) surfaces. Herein, high-resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is employed to perform spatially-resolved potentiodynamic polarisation measurements, which, when correlated to co-located structural information from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), analytical scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), reveal the relationship between anodic metal (iron) dissolution and the crystallographic orientation of low carbon steel in aqueous sulfuric acid (pH 2.3). Considering hundreds of individual measurements made on each of the low-index planes of body-centred cubic (bcc) low carbon steel, the rate of iron dissolution, and thus overall corrosion susceptibility, increases in the order (101) < (111) < (100). These results are rationalized by complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations, where the experimental rate of iron dissolution correlates with the energy required to remove (and ionise) one iron atom at the surface of a lattice, calculated for each low index orientation. Overall, this study further demonstrates how nanometre-resolved electrochemical techniques such as SECCM can be effectively utilised to vastly improve the understanding of structure-function in corrosion science, particularly when combined with complementary, co-located structural characterisation (EBSD, STEM etc.) and computational analysis (DFT)

7α-Methoxy­carbonyl-6,7,8,14-tetra­hydro-6,14-endo-ethenothebaine

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C23H27NO5, the furan ring adopts an envelope conformation. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions result in the formation of S(5) and S(6) motifs. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules through C(6) and C(8) chains along the [100] and [010] directions, generating a two-dimensional network

Theology, News and Notes - Vol. 15, No. 04

Theology News & Notes was a theological journal published by Fuller Theological Seminary from 1954 through 2014.https://digitalcommons.fuller.edu/tnn/1036/thumbnail.jp

The Impact of Sleep, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Sample of South African Participants

During lockdowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals have experienced poor sleep quality and sleep regularity, changes in lifestyle behaviours, and heightened depression and anxiety. However, the inter-relationship and relative strength of those behaviours on mental health outcomes is still unknown. We collected data between 12 May and 15 June 2020 from 1048 South African adults (age: 32.76 ± 14.43 years; n = 767 female; n = 473 students) using an online questionnaire. Using structural equation modelling, we investigated how insomnia symptoms, sleep regularity, exercise intensity/frequency and sitting/screen-use (sedentary screen-use) interacted to predict depressive and anxiety-related symptoms before and during lockdown. We also controlled for the effects of sex and student status. Irrespective of lockdown, (a) more severe symptoms of insomnia and greater sedentary screen-use predicted greater symptoms of depression and anxiety and (b) the effects of sedentary screen-use on mental health outcomes were mediated by insomnia. The effects of physical activity on mental health outcomes, however, were only significant during lockdown. Low physical activity predicted greater insomnia symptom severity, which in turn predicted increased depressive and anxiety-related symptoms. Overall, relationships between the study variables and mental health outcomes were amplified during lockdown. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining physical activity and reducing sedentary screen-use to promote better sleep and mental health