Resultados de oito aplicações do Teste do Progresso na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo

BACKGROUND: Progress testing is a longitudinal tool for evaluating knowledge gains during the medical school years. OBJECTIVES: (1) To implement progress testing as a form of routine evaluation; (2) to verify whether cognitive gain is a continuous variable or not; and (3) to evaluate whether there is loss of knowledge relating to basic sciences in the final years of medical school. METHODS: A progress test was applied twice a year to all students from 2001 to 2004. The mean percentage score was calculated for each school year, employing ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test evaluation for each test. RESULTS: Progress testing was implemented as a routine procedure over these 4 years. The results suggest a cognitive gain from first to sixth year in all eight tests, as a continuum (P for trend < .0001). Gain was found to be continuous for basic sciences (taught during the first 2 years), clinical sciences (P < .0001), and clerkship rotation (P < .0001). There was no difference between the performance of men and women. CONCLUSION: Progress testing was implemented as a routine, applied twice a year. Data suggest that cognitive gain during medical training appears to be a continuum, even for basic science issues.O Teste do Progresso foi introduzido na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo em 2001. OBJETIVO: (1) Testar a viabilidade da aplicação rotineira do teste; (2) verificar se o ganho de conhecimentos era progressivo e contínuo durante a graduação; (3) determinar se esse ganho de conhecimento inclui também as disciplinas do curso básico. MÉTODOS: O teste foi aplicado duas vezes por ano entre 2001-2004. Em cada teste, calculou-se o escore médio de acertos por ano letivo usando-se ANOVA com correção de Bonferroni para múltiplas comparações. RESULTADOS: O Teste do Progresso foi implementado como rotina entre 2001-2004. Os resultados sugerem um ganho cognitivo contínuo e progressivo ao longo da graduação (P < 0,0001) nos oito testes aplicados até o momento. Esse ganho seria significativo mesmo para as disciplinas do curso básico (P < 0,05), curso clínico (P < 0.0001) e internato (P < 0.0001). Não houve diferença de performance em função do gênero. CONCLUSÃO: O Teste do Progresso foi implementado como rotina, sendo aplicado semestralmente. Os resultados sugerem que o ganho cognitivo parece ser contínuo e progressivo mesmo para as disciplinas do básico ao longo dos seis anos

Hypertension control and related factors at primary care located in the west side of the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Realizou-se estudo para caracterizar o controle de hipertensos atendidos na atenção primária com amostra de 440 hipertensos. Os hipertensos foram entrevistados e a medida da pressão foi realizada com aparelho automático validado. A relação entre as variáveis classificatórias foi avaliada com o teste qui-quadrado e posterior análise multivariada. Os resultados mostraram que o controle da hipertensão arterial foi de 45,5% e se associou (p<0,05) a mulheres, idade menos elevada, menos tempo de doença, já ter feito tratamento para hipertensão, menos interrupção do tratamento, conhecimento sobre a importância dos exercícios físicos, raramente deixar de tomar remédio na hora certa, menor número de drogas anti-hipertensivas prescritas, antecedentes para doenças cardíacas, prática de exercícios físicos e menos tristeza. A análise de regressão logística mostrou que a falta de controle da hipertensão foi dependente de tratamento anterior para hipertensão (OR = 2,26; IC 95%, 1,4 - 3,6), falta de conhecimento sobre prática de atividade física (OR = 3,5; IC 95%, 1,1 - 10,8) e ausência de antecedente familiar para problemas cardíacos (OR = 2,2; IC 95%, 1,3 - 3,5). Menos da metade dos hipertensos estava controlada e o controle se associou a variáveis biológicas, tratamento, atitudes e conhecimento sobre a hipertensão e seu tratamento.The objective of this study was to characterize blood pressure control of 440 hypertensive patients. The subjects were interviewed and had their blood pressure measurement by means of an automatic device. The results showed that 45.5% had an adequate blood pressure control. People under control were different (p<0.05) from those without control: the ones under blood pressure control were mainly women, younger, with a shorter time of disease, with previous treatment for hypertension, less interruptions in treatment and more conscious about the importance of physical activities. They also rarely forgot to take the medicines in the right time, generally using less than, 3 or more antihypertensive drugs, with family history of cardiovascular diseases, reporting physical activity more frequently and less sadness. The multivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant association of uncontrolled hypertension with previous treatment (OR = 2.26; IC 95%, 1.4 - 3.6), no family history of cardiovascular diseases (OR = 2.2; IC 95%, 1.3 3.5) and unaware of the importance of physical activities for blood pressure control (OR = 3.5; IC 95%, 1.1 10.8). Blood pressure control was associated with biological variables, behavior and information about hypertension as a risk factor and its treatment

Frequência das doenças subclínicas da tireóide e de fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em mulheres em um local de trabalho

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is very common in clinical practice and there is some evidence that it may be associated with cardiovascular disease. The aim here was to evaluate the frequencies of subclinical thyroid disease and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among women at a workplace, and to evaluate the association between subclinical thyroid disease and cardiovascular risk factors among them. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study on 314 women aged 40 years or over who were working at Universidade de São Paulo (USP). METHODS: All the women answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the Rose angina questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured and blood samples were analyzed for blood glucose, total cholesterol and fractions, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (free-T4) and anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPO). RESULTS: The frequencies of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were, respectively, 7.3% and 5.1%. Women with subclinical thyroid disease presented higher levels of anti-TPO than did women with normal thyroid function (P = 0.01). There were no differences in sociodemographic factors and cardiovascular risk factors according to thyroid function status, except for greater sedentarism among the women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Restricting the comparison to women with subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH > 10 mIU/l) did not change the results. CONCLUSION: In this sample of women, there was no association between poor profile of cardiovascular risk factors and presence of subclinical thyroid disease that would justify screening at the workplace.CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A doença tireoidiana subclínica é muito frequente na prática clínica e há evidências que sugerem associação com doença cardiovascular. O objetivo foi estabelecer a frequência das doenças subclínicas da tireóide e de fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em mulheres no local de trabalho, bem como avaliar a associação da doença tireoidiana subclínica com fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular nessas mulheres. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em 314 mulheres com 40 ou mais anos de idade que trabalham na Universidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Todas as mulheres responderam a questionário sobre características sócio-demográficas, fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, questionário de angina de Rose, e foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e colhido sangue para dosagem de glicemia, colesterol total e frações, proteína C ultra-sensível, hormônio tireotrópico (TSH), tiroxina-livre (TS-livre) e anticorpos anti-tireoperoxidase. RESULTADOS: As frequências de hipotireoidismo subclínico e de hipertireoidismo subclínico foram respectivamente de 7,3% e 5,1%. Os níveis de anticorpos antiperoxidase foram mais elevados nas mulheres com doença subclínica da tireoide comparadas às mulheres com função tireoidiana normal (P = 0,01). Não houve nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os fatores sociodemográficos e de risco para doença cardiovascular entre os grupos exceto pela maior presença de sedentarismo entre as mulheres com hipotireoidismo subclínico. Restringir a comparação somente às mulheres com hipotireoidismo subclínico (TSH > 10 mIU/l) não mudou os resultados. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta amostra de mulheres, não houve nenhuma associação entre um perfil inadequado dos fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular e a presença de doença subclínica da tireóide que justificasse o rastreamento no local de trabalho.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq

Validação de um questionário de sintomas cerebrovasculares para inquéritos epidemiológicos

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Stroke is a relevant issue within public health and requires epidemiological surveillance tools. The aim here was to validate a questionnaire for evaluating individuals with stroke symptoms in the Stroke Morbidity and Mortality Study (Estudo de Mortalidade e Morbidade do Acidente Vascular Cerebral, EMMA), São Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study performed among a sample of the inhabitants of Butantã, an area in the western zone of the city of São Paulo. METHODS: For all households in the coverage area of a primary healthcare unit, household members over the age of 35 years answered a stroke symptom questionnaire addressing limb weakness, facial weakness, speech problems, sensory disorders and impaired vision. Thirty-six participants were randomly selected for a complete neurological examination (gold standard). RESULTS: Considering all the questions in the questionnaire, the sensitivity was 72.2%, specificity was 94.4%, positive predictive value was 92.9% and negative predictive value was 77.3%. The positive likelihood ratio was 12.9, the negative likelihood ratio was 0.29 and the kappa coefficient was 0.67. Limb weakness was the most sensitive symptom, and speech problems were the most specific. CONCLUSIONS: The stroke symptom questionnaire is a useful tool and can be applied by trained interviewers with the aim of identifying community-dwelling stroke patients, through the structure of the Family Health Program.CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A doença cerebrovascular como parte da agenda de saúde pública necessita de instrumentos de vigilância epidemiológica. O objetivo foi validar um questionário para avaliação individual de sintomas de acidente vascular cerebral através do Estudo de Morbidade e Mortalidade no Acidente Vascular Cerebral (EMMA), São Paulo, Brasil. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado em uma amostra de habitantes do Butantã, uma área na zona oeste da cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Em todos os domicílios de área adstrita de uma unidade básica de saúde, moradores com mais de 35 anos responderam questionário de sintomas de acidente vascular cerebral enfocando fraqueza de membros e facial, dificuldade em falar, alteração de sensibilidade e déficit de visão. Foram selecionadas 36 participantes aleatoriamente para exame completo com neurologista (padrão-ouro). RESULTADOS: Considerando todas as questões do questionário, a sensibilidade foi de 72,2%, a especificidade, 94,4% e os valores preditivos foram 92,9% (positivo) e 77,3% (negativo). As razões de verossimilhança foram 12,9 (positiva) e 0,29 (negativa) e o coeficiente kappa obtido foi 0,67. Fraqueza de membros foi o sintoma mais sensível e dificuldade para falar, o mais específico. CONCLUSÃO: O questionário de sintomas cerebrovasculares é um instrumento útil, e pode ser aplicado por entrevistadores treinados com intuito de identificar pacientes que sofreram evento cerebrovascular na comunidade através da estrutura do Programa Saúde da Família.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), BrasíliaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

C-reactive protein as an inflammatory marker of acute infections outside intensive care settings: case report and evidence-based literature review

We present the clinical case of a 76-year-old woman with delirium causedby multiple factors, including pneumonia. Although this type of case is quitecommon in clinical practice, it provides us with an opportunity to discusslaboratory testing in this context, with a special focus on the role of C-reactiveprotein (CRP). We present data regarding the requests for determination ofserum CRP levels at the University of S&atilde;o Paulo University Hospital overthe past few years. We also present a review of the medical literature on thetopic, as well as clinical epidemiology concepts related to the impact that CRPtesting has on the medical decision-making process

Suicide rates and trends in Sao Paulo, Brazil, according to gender, age and demographic aspects: a joinpoint regression analysis

Objective: To evaluate suicide rates and trends in Sao Paulo by sex, age-strata, and methods. Methods: Data was collected from State registry from 1996 to 2009. Population was estimated using the National Census. We utilized joinpoint regression analysis to explore temporal trends. We also evaluated marital status, ethnicity, birthplace and methods for suicide. Results: In the period analyzed, 6,002 suicides were accrued with a rate of 4.6 per 100,000 (7.5 in men and 2.0 in women); the male-to-female ratio was around 3.7. Trends for men presented a significant decline of 5.3% per year from 1996 to 2002, and a significant increase of 2.5% from 2002 onwards. Women did not present significant changes. For men, the elderly (&gt; 65 years) had a significant reduction of 2.3% per year, while younger men (25-44 years) presented a significant increase of 8.6% from 2004 onwards. Women did not present significant trend changes according to age. Leading suicide methods were hanging and poisoning for men and women, respectively. Other analyses showed an increased suicide risk ratio for singles and foreigners. Conclusions: Specific epidemiological trends for suicide in the city of Sao Paulo that warrant further investigation were identified. High-risk groups - such as immigrants - could benefit from targeted strategies of suicide prevention

Neck circumference is associated with carotid intimal-media thickness but not with coronary artery calcium : results from the ELSA-Brasil

Abstract Background and aims: It is uncertain whether neck circumference can be a risk indicator for subclinical atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate their relationships measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) and common carotid intima-media thickness (cc-IMT) with neck circumference in ELSA-Brasil. Methods and results: In cross-sectional and sex-specific analyses of 2266 women (50.6 8.4 yrs) and 1886 men (50.7 9.0 yrs) with both cc-IMT and CAC, free from previous cardiovascular disease at baseline, we built logistic models using diverse cut-off points for CAC score (0 vs >0, 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Neck circumference was significantly and independently associated with cc-IMT but not with CAC in women and men, indicating a possible effect of perivascular fat tissue on atherosclerosis

Adherence to the EAT-Lancet sustainable reference diet and cardiometabolic risk profile: cross-sectional results from the ELSA-Brasil cohort study

Purpose The EAT-Lancet Commission released a reference sustainable diet to improve human health and respect the planetary boundaries. The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) was developed with the purpose of evaluate the adherence to this reference diet. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet with cardiometabolic risk profile. Methods We used the cross-sectional baseline data from 14,155 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter ongoing cohort study. Dietary data were collected using a 114-item validated food frequency questionnaire. The PHDI was used to assess the adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet. It consists of 16 components and the total score can range from 0 to 150 points. Linear, logistic and quasi-Poisson regression models were built to evaluate the associations between PHDI and the outcomes. Results Individuals with higher adherence to EAT-Lancet diet (PHDI, 5th quintile) had lower values for systolic blood pressure (β − 0.84; 95% CI − 1.66: − 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (β − 0.70; 95% CI − 1.24: − 0.15), total cholesterol (β − 3.15; 95% CI − 5.30: − 1.01), LDL-c (β − 4.10; 95% CI − 5.97: − 2.23), and non-HDL-cholesterol (β − 2.57; 95% CI − 4.62: − 0.52). No association was observed for HDL-c, triglycerides and HOMA-IR. Conclusions Our results indicate that higher adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet is associated with lower levels of blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c

Associations of cigarette smoking with subclinical inflammation and atherosclerosis : ELSA-Brasil (The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health)

Background-—There is a need to identify sensitive biomarkers of early tobacco-related cardiovascular disease. We examined the association of smoking status, burden, time since quitting, and intensity, with markers of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods and Results-—We studied 14 103 participants without clinical cardiovascular disease in ELSA-Brasil (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health). We evaluated baseline cross-sectional associations between smoking parameters and inflammation (highsensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]) and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis (carotid intima–media thickness, ankle-brachial index, and coronary artery calcium [CAC]). The cohort included 1844 current smokers, 4121 former smokers, and 8138 never smokers. Mean age was 51.7 8.9 years; 44.8% were male. After multivariable adjustment, compared with never smokers, current smokers had significantly higher levels of hsCRP (b=0.24, 0.19–0.29 mg/L; P0 (odds ratio: 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.46–2.30; P0 were lower with increasing time since quitting (P0 (P=0.03) after adjusting for duration of smoking. Conclusions-—Strong associations were observed between smoking status, burden, and intensity with inflammation (hsCRP) and subclinical atherosclerosis (carotid intima–media thickness, ankle-brachial index, CAC). These markers of early cardiovascular disease injury may be used for the further study and regulation of traditional and novel tobacco products