29 research outputs found
Knowledge gaps on paediatric respiratory infections in Morocco, Northern Africa
BACKGROUND: The burden of acute respiratory infections (ARI)
among Moroccan children remains significant. However, scarce
information is available regarding trends in its epidemiology
and etiology, or regarding its associated prognostic factors.
The purpose of this work was to review available data on the
burden of ARI among children under five years of age in Morocco.
METHODS: A systematic review was conducted for the period
1997-2014 using the PRISMA proposed methodology. Various online
databases were screened, in addition to physical libraries of
Moroccan medical schools, and official reports of the Moroccan
Ministry of Health. Search queries in English and French
languages included: Respiratory Tract Infections, pneumonia,
epidemiology, etiology, microbiology, mortality and Morocco. The
documents were included for analysis when they reported original
data on the incidence, distribution, or a clinical description
of the diseases or their etiology or described clinical
management or national preventive strategies. RESULTS:
Thirty-two documents were included in the final analysis. 21 of
which had been published. In 2012, ARI caused 13% of paediatric
deaths, half of the consultations at health facilities and third
of the paediatric admissions. The microorganisms more frequently
identified among hospitalized children were Streptococcus
pneumoniae (38%) and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) (15%).
The MOH introduced Hib vaccines into the national immunization
program (PNI) in 2007and the 13-valent vaccine against
pneumococcus in 2010. The national first line antibiotics
recommended for non-severe ambulatory treatment is Amoxicillin.
Studies of antibiotic resistance showed from 1998 to 2008 a 22%
increase in the rate of penicillin non-susceptibility among
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Viral respiratory infections
and the role attributed to air pollution in the incidence of ARI
have been poorly characterized. CONCLUSIONS: Further efforts
should be made towards the development of adequate surveillance
programs to better clarify the epidemiology, etiology,
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the effectiveness of
the preventives and curatives strategies in place against
paediatric ARIs in Morocco. Additionally, a holistical approach
should be used to identify the heath determinants of ARIs among
children
The Impact of Apple Variety and the Production Methods on the Antibacterial Activity of Vinegar Samples
Apple vinegar is a natural product widely used in food and traditional medicine as it contains many bioactive compounds. The apple variety and production methods are two factors that play a major role in determining the quality of vinegar. Therefore, this study aims to determine the quality of apple vinegar samples from different varieties (Red Delicious, Gala, Golden Delicious, and Starking Delicious) prepared by three methods using small apple pieces, apple juice, and crushed apple, through determining the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of these samples. The antibacterial activity was studied against five pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli (ATB: 57), Escherichia coli (ATB: 97), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using two methods, disk diffusion and microdilution, for determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the minimum bactericidal concentrations. The results of this study showed that the lowest pH value was 3.6 for Stark Delicious, obtained by liquid fermentation, and the highest acetic acid values were 4.7 and 4% for the vinegar of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious, prepared by solid fermentation, respectively. The results of the antibacterial activity showed considerable activity of apple vinegar on the tested strains. Generally, the Staphylococcus aureus strain appears less sensitive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to be very sensitive against all samples, while the other strains have distinct sensitivities depending on the variety studied and the method used. A higher antibacterial activity was found in vinegar obtained by the apple pieces method and the Red Delicious variety, with a low MIC and MBC recorded, at 1.95 and 3.90 µL/mL, respectively. This study has shown that the choice of both apple variety and production method is therefore an essential step in determining and aiming for the desired quality of apple vinegar
Characterization of Vaginal Escherichia coli Isolated from Pregnant Women in Two Different African Sites
The relevance of vaginal colonization of pregnant women by
Escherichia coli is poorly understood, despite these strains
sharing a similar virulence profile with other extraintestinal
pathogenic E. coli producing severe obstetric and neonatal
infections. We characterized the epidemiology, antimicrobial
susceptibility and virulence profiles of 84 vaginal E. coli
isolates from pregnant women from Rabat (Morocco) and Manhica
(Mozambique), two very distinct epidemiological settings. Low
levels of antimicrobial resistance were observed to all drugs
tested, except for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Manhica,
where this drug is extensively used as prophylaxis for
opportunistic HIV infections. The most prevalent virulence
factors were related to iron acquisition systems. Phylogroup A
was the most common in Rabat, while phylogroups E and
non-typeable were the most frequent in Manhica. Regardless of
the apparently "low virulence" of these isolates, the frequency
of infections is higher and the outcomes more devastating in
constrained-resources conditions, especially among pregnant
women and newborns
Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of group B streptococcus isolated among pregnant women and newborns in Rabat, Morocco
PURPOSE: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is an important cause of
neonatal sepsis worldwide. Data on the prevalence of maternal
GBS colonization, risk factors for carriage, antibiotic
susceptibility and circulating serotypes are necessary to tailor
adequate locally relevant public health policies. METHODOLOGY: A
prospective study including pregnant women and their newborns
was conducted between March and July 2013 in Morocco. We
collected clinical data and vagino-rectal and urine samples from
the recruited pregnant women, together with the clinical
characteristics of, and body surface samples from, their
newborns. Additionally, the first three newborns admitted every
day with suspected invasive infection were recruited for a
thorough screening for neonatal sepsis. Serotypes were
characterized by molecular testing. RESULTS: A total of 350
pregnant women and 139 of their newborns were recruited. The
prevalence of pregnant women colonized by GBS was 24 %. In 5/160
additional sick newborns recruited with suspected sepsis, the
blood cultures were positive for GBS. Gestational hypertension
and vaginal pruritus were significantly associated with a
vagino-rectal GBS colonization in univariate analyses. All of
the strains were susceptible to penicillin, while 7 % were
resistant to clindamycin and 12 % were resistant to
erythromycin. The most common GBS serotypes detected included V,
II and III. CONCLUSION: In Morocco, maternal GBS colonization is
high. Penicillin can continue to be the cornerstone of
intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. A pentavalent GBS vaccine
(Ia, Ib, II, III and V) would have been effective against the
majority of the colonizing cases in this setting, but a
trivalent one (Ia, Ib and III) would only prevent 28 % of the
cases
Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B by real-time PCR from dried blood spot samples among children with pneumonia: a useful approach for developing countries
Correction https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147678Background: Dried blood spot (DBS) is a reliable blood collection method for storing samples at room temperature and easily transporting them. We have previously validated a Real-Time PCR for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in DBS. The objective of this study was to apply this methodology for the diagnosis of S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) in DBS samples of children with pneumonia admitted to two hospitals in Mozambique and Morocco. Methods: Ply and wzg genes of S. pneumoniae and bexA gene of Hib, were used as targets of Real-Time PCR. 329 DBS samples of children hospitalized with clinical diagnosis of pneumonia were tested. Results: Real-Time PCR in DBS allowed for a significant increase in microbiological diagnosis of S. pneumoniae and Hib. When performing blood bacterial culture, only ten isolates of S. pneumoniae and none of Hib were detected (3·0% positivity rate, IC95% 1·4-5·5%). Real-Time PCR from DBS samples increased the detection yield by 4x fold, as 30 S. pneumoniae and 11 Hib cases were detected (12·4% positivity rate, IC95% 9·0-16·5%; P<0·001). Conclusion: Real-Time PCR applied in DBS may be a valuable tool for improving diagnosis and surveillance of pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae or Hib in developing countries
Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage among healthy and sick pediatric patients before the generalized implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in Morocco from 2010 to 2011
Nasopharyngeal carriage studies provide insights into the local
prevalence of circulating pneumococcal serotypes. These data are
critical to vaccination monitoring, as they allow for the
prediction and assessment of impact. Very little data are
available on the carriage of pneumococcal serotypes in Morocco.
Here, we describe the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae
carriage and serotype distribution among 697 pediatric patients
with ages ranging from 2 to 59 months who were admitted to a
Moroccan hospital with severe pneumonia, as well as 195 healthy
infants and young children who were recruited at a vaccination
clinic. Carriage rates were 40.5% (79/195) for healthy children
and 22.8% (159/697) for sick children. The most commonly
observed circulating serotypes included 6A, 6B and 19F, all of
which are included in the current 13-valent anti-pneumococcal
conjugate vaccine that was recently introduced in Morocco.
Monitoring of circulating serotypes remains necessary after
vaccine introduction to assess whether serotype replacement is
occurring
Knowledge gaps on paediatric respiratory infections in Morocco, Northern Africa
BACKGROUND: The burden of acute respiratory infections (ARI)
among Moroccan children remains significant. However, scarce
information is available regarding trends in its epidemiology
and etiology, or regarding its associated prognostic factors.
The purpose of this work was to review available data on the
burden of ARI among children under five years of age in Morocco.
METHODS: A systematic review was conducted for the period
1997-2014 using the PRISMA proposed methodology. Various online
databases were screened, in addition to physical libraries of
Moroccan medical schools, and official reports of the Moroccan
Ministry of Health. Search queries in English and French
languages included: Respiratory Tract Infections, pneumonia,
epidemiology, etiology, microbiology, mortality and Morocco. The
documents were included for analysis when they reported original
data on the incidence, distribution, or a clinical description
of the diseases or their etiology or described clinical
management or national preventive strategies. RESULTS:
Thirty-two documents were included in the final analysis. 21 of
which had been published. In 2012, ARI caused 13% of paediatric
deaths, half of the consultations at health facilities and third
of the paediatric admissions. The microorganisms more frequently
identified among hospitalized children were Streptococcus
pneumoniae (38%) and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) (15%).
The MOH introduced Hib vaccines into the national immunization
program (PNI) in 2007and the 13-valent vaccine against
pneumococcus in 2010. The national first line antibiotics
recommended for non-severe ambulatory treatment is Amoxicillin.
Studies of antibiotic resistance showed from 1998 to 2008 a 22%
increase in the rate of penicillin non-susceptibility among
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Viral respiratory infections
and the role attributed to air pollution in the incidence of ARI
have been poorly characterized. CONCLUSIONS: Further efforts
should be made towards the development of adequate surveillance
programs to better clarify the epidemiology, etiology,
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the effectiveness of
the preventives and curatives strategies in place against
paediatric ARIs in Morocco. Additionally, a holistical approach
should be used to identify the heath determinants of ARIs among
children
Contribution to the Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Potential, and Antimicrobial Activity of Vinegar Commercialized in Morocco
Vinegar is a natural product widely used in food and traditional medicine thanks to its physicochemical properties and its richness in bioactive molecules. However, its direct use by consumers can have complications and undesirable effects. Therefore, this study contributes to investigating the physicochemical and biological properties of eleven vinegars marketed in Morocco. Determination of pH, acetic acid, conductivity, total soluble solids and alcohol content in vinegar was carried out. The polyphenols (TP), flavonoids (TF), and condensed tannins (CT) content was determined, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Phosphomolybdenum Reduction Assay (TAC). Then, the antimicrobial activity was studied against four pathogenic bacteria and two fungal strains, using the disk diffusion and the microdilution method. This study showed a wide range of acetic acid values from 0.65 ± 0.29 to 5.15 ± 0.20%. The high value of TP, TF, and CT in our samples V10, V9, and V4 was 655.00 ± 22.2 µgGAE/mL, 244.53 ± 11.32 µgQE/mL and 84.63 ± 1.00 µgTAE/mL, respectively. The tested strains showed variable sensitivities to the different samples with inhibition zones ranging from 6.33 ± 2.08 to 34.33 ± 0.58 mm. The lowest minimum inhibition concentrations were recorded against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 ranging from 1.95 to 7.81 µL/mL. While Aspergillus niger ATCC16404 showed resistance against all of the analyzed samples. In general, vinegar commercialized in Morocco presents a variable range of products with variable properties. Indeed, must take into account this diversity when using it. A future study is needed to identify the phytochemical composition that will further the comprehension of this variability and contribute to its valorization
First report of a Klebsiella pneumoniae ST466 strain causing neonatal sepsis harbouring the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Rabat, Morocco
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the Gram-negative bacilli most commonly found in urine of pregnant women and causing neonatal sepsis. The aim of this study was to analyse in terms of epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of 23 K. pneumoniae isolates collected from vaginal swabs or urine of pregnant women, from pharyngeal and ear swabs of apparently healthy newborns and from peripheral cultures and hemocultures of newborns with suspected invasive neonatal infection in Rabat, Morocco. The prevalence of K. pneumoniae was 0.6 and 0.9% among pregnant women and neonates, respectively. These strains showed lower antimicrobial resistance levels regarding the developed countries. Thus, only one strain from a neonate presented an ESBL. This is the first report of a K. pneumoniae strain causing neonatal sepsis harbouring the blaCTX-M-15 gene in an IncFII plasmid and belonging to ST466 in this area
First report of a Klebsiella pneumoniae ST466 strain causing neonatal sepsis harbouring the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Rabat, Morocco
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the Gram-negative bacilli most commonly found in urine of pregnant women and causing neonatal sepsis. The aim of this study was to analyse in terms of epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of 23 K. pneumoniae isolates collected from vaginal swabs or urine of pregnant women, from pharyngeal and ear swabs of apparently healthy newborns and from peripheral cultures and hemocultures of newborns with suspected invasive neonatal infection in Rabat, Morocco. The prevalence of K. pneumoniae was 0.6 and 0.9% among pregnant women and neonates, respectively. These strains showed lower antimicrobial resistance levels regarding the developed countries. Thus, only one strain from a neonate presented an ESBL. This is the first report of a K. pneumoniae strain causing neonatal sepsis harbouring the blaCTX-M-15 gene in an IncFII plasmid and belonging to ST466 in this area