Níveis de lisina digestível em rações, em que se manteve ou não a relação aminoacídica, para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade, mantidos em estresse por calor

Dois ensaios foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos de níveis de lisina digestível em rações em que se manteve ou não a relação aminoacídica sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 21 dias de idade, criados em alta temperatura. O delineamento experimental utilizado em ambos os ensaios foi o inteiramente casualizado. As aves, no ensaio 1, foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos (0,92; 0,98; 1,04; 1,10 e 1,16% de lisina digestível em ração convencional), oito repetições e dez aves por repetição. No ensaio 2, os frangos foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos (1,04; 1,10; 1,16 e 1,22% de lisina digestível em rações mantendo a relação aminoacídica), oito repetições e dez aves por repetição. No ensaio 1, os tratamentos influenciaram quadraticamente o ganho de peso e o consumo de ração, que aumentaram até os níveis de 1,14 e 1,09% de lisina, respectivamente. Embora a conversão alimentar tenha melhorado de forma linear, o modelo LRP foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados, estimando em 1,097% o nível de lisina a partir do qual ocorreu um platô. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre os pesos absolutos do coração, fígado e intestinos, enquanto o peso absoluto da moela aumentou linearmente. O peso absoluto da carcaça aumentou, enquanto os pesos relativos do coração e do fígado reduziram quadraticamente com os tratamentos. No ensaio 2, os tratamentos influenciaram de forma linear crescente o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar, enquanto o consumo de ração não variou. Os tratamentos influenciaram linearmente o peso absoluto da carcaça, enquanto os pesos absoluto e relativo das vísceras não variaram. Concluiu-se que frangos de corte machos, de 1 a 21 dias de idade, mantidos em estresse por calor, exigem, no mínimo, 1,14 e 1,22% de lisina digestível em ração convencional e em ração em que se manteve a relação aminoacídica, respectivamente.Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of digestible lysine levels in diets maintaining or not the relationship of amino acids, on performance of broilers from 1 to 21 days, kept under heat stress. A completely randomized experimental design was used in both trials. In the trial 1, the broilers were allotted in five treatments (0.92; 0.98; 1.04; 1.10 and 1.16% of lysine in conventional diets), eight replicates and ten broilers per replicate. In the trial 2, the broilers were allotted in four treatments (1.04; 1.10; 1.16 and 1.22% of lysine in diet maintaining the relationship of amino acids), eight replicates and ten broilers per replicate. In the trial 1, the digestible lysine levels influenced quadraticly the weight gain and the feed intake that increased up to 1.14 and 1.09%, respectively. Although feed:gain ratio had changed by linear way, the LRP model adjusted better to the data, estimating in 1.097% the lysine level where occurred a "plateau". There was no effect of treatments on absolute weights of heart, liver and intestines, while the absolute weight of gizzard increased linearly. The absolute weight of carcass increased while the relative weights of heart and liver reduced quadraticly. In the trial 2, the treatments influenced in a crescent linear way the weight gain and the feed:gain ratio while the feed intake was not influenced. The treatments influenced linearly the absolute weight of carcass while the absolute and relative weights of the organs were not influenced. It was concluded that male broilers, in the period from 1 to 21 days of age, kept under heat stress, require at least 1.14 and 1.22% of digestible lysine in conventional diet and in diet maintaining the relationship of amino acid, respectively

In-Situ Fabricated Low-Dimensional Topological Insulator - Superconductor Hybrid Junctions: A Platform for Majorana Fermions

Topological Insulators are relatively a new class of materials in condensed matter physics that exhibit insulating bulk band structure with linearly dispersed and spin polarized metallic surface states which arise from the band inversion caused by the strong spin-orbit interactions. Helical spin texture in these surface states prohibits direct backscattering that makes such materials exotic for spintronic applications. On the other hand, the hybrid structures of three-dimensional topological insulator and s-wave superconductor with p-wave pair correlation symmetry, in low-dimensional systems, are predicted to give rise to confined quasiparticle excitations at the interface called Majorana Zero Modes (MZMs) that act as the basic building blocks of a topological quantum bit for the fault tolerant quantum computation. A stepwise overview of the all challenges and achievements in obtaining low dimensional hybrid TI-SC devices including the novel device fabrication techniques to high quality topological insulator thin film growth, from prevention of degradation of TI surface states to in-situ lithography techniques, is presented.TI thin films are selectively grown on the pre-designed nano-scale patterns using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and are characterized at ultra-low temperatures. Selective area growth (SAG) technique facilitated the minimum requirement of fabrication steps after the TI growth. High quality films of binary topological compounds based on Bismuth, Antimony, Tellurium and Selenium are grown and investigated. In the Te based compounds the Fermi level is tailored to the Dirac Point (DP) using a p-n junction heterostructures, and improved with reduced point defects, using the ternary BixSb(2-x)Te3 system. Surface degradation and aging issue is encountered with capping the TI with thin film of aluminum-oxide on top. Superconducting contacts are prepared utilizing the pre-standardized techniques of stencil lithography and on-chip fabricated shadow mask and hence low-dimensional Joseph Junctions (JJ) of various geometries have been prepared. Transport studies performed focus on quantum oscillations in magneto-conductance measurements as well as on induced superconductivity facilitating superconducting leads with a contact separation of only a few tens of nanometers. In the TI-SC hybrid devices, the initial signatures of 4-π periodic supercurrent and missing first Shapiro step are observed. Systems with WTI and TCI phases are the subject of future investigations

HIV First Diagnoses in Germany in 2014-A Regional Analysis

Background Information on testing units in health care is scarce, particularly the group of late-presenters among the HIV-first diagnoses is still a challenge in Germany. Aim Analysis of the impact of testing units on and reasons for the prevalence of HIV-first diagnoses and late presentation, taking 2014 for illustrative purposes. Material and Methods Cross-sectional analysis of all individuals, treated in the Network HIV-Regional who were first diagnosed with HIV in 2014; patient characteristics, demographic and clinical data, including information on HIV testing were collected retrospectively and in a decentralised manner, pseudonymized and statistically evaluated. Results A total of 971 individuals with HIV-first diagnosis from 31 specialised care centres throughout Germany (15 hospitals, 16 private practices) represented 27.5% of all National HIV-first diagnoses -registrations from Robert Koch Institute for 2014, with similar results for CD4-cell count and HIV-transmission risk. The most common test site was a hospital (34.8%), followed by the office of a family doctor (19.6%) and medical specialist (16.1%). If the first diagnosis was established in hospital, then the patients were on average older than those tested on an ambulant care basis (42 vs. 37 years, p=0.001); moreover, the HI-viral load was higher (585 vs. 270 thousand copies/mL, p<0.001) and the CD4-cell count lower (265 vs. 414/mu L, p<0.001). In 208/971 individuals with first diagnosis, at least one AIDS-defining disease was found, most frequently pneumocystis-pneumonia (43.8%), candidiasis (36.5%) and Kaposi sarcoma (10.6%). A regional comparison revealed that in eastern Germany, for first diagnosed HIV-patients were younger, had a higher HIV-RNA viral load and also more often clinical AIDS. Conclusion This analysis of HIV-Regional for 2014 enables a deeper insight into HIV first diagnoses, on the eve of the introduction of important prevention tools in Germany, e. g., HIV home testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis. This cross-sectional analysis was representative for Germany and underscores the importance of specialised hospitals, in particular for eastern Germany, and furthermore the involvement of late-presenters into HIV health care

Preservation of egg morphology after incubation with different fixatives and KOH concentrations.

<p>Incubation of 70% ethanol-fixed placental tissue (A) or naive placental tissue (B) and infected mouse liver with 4% KOH for 24h at 37°C. Mouse liver pieces incubated alone with 4% KOH (C) or 10% KOH (D) served as controls. In all groups incubated with 4% KOH the eggshells of nearly all eggs of <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> were intact and the lateral spine was easy to identify. The eggs contained a more or less developed miracidium or were without any content. <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> eggs in the 10% KOH control group were nearly completely digested. The morphology and the lateral spine were hard to identify.</p