Perceptions and attitudes of teachers and administrators toward mainstreaming educationally handicapped students in California public elementary schools

The major problem was to investigate if there is a disparity in the views and reactions of regular education teachers and building administrators to ascertain the pros and cons of mainstreaming learning disabled, behavior disordered, and educable mentally retarded students in California public elementary schools. The purpose was to examine the perceptions and attitudes of these teachers and administrators to discover the effects of mainstreaming on the academic performance, social adjustment, and emotional behavior of these types of exceptionalities, the impact of mainstreaming on job performance of these teachers and administrators

An Action Research Projects Impact On Teachers Leadership Attitudes And Perceptions

California Lutheran University is a regional site for the California Reading and Literature Project (CRLP). In 2010, CRLP began a two-year longitudinal study to examine the effects of participating in an institute called Reframing Teacher Leadership: Action Research Study Group had on PreK-12 teachers attitudes and perceptions. The foundation underpinning this study is the New Framework for Teacher Leadership. This study examines the impact that participating in the Action Research Group had on teachers attitudes and perceptions. Mixed-methods were used to analyze participants feedback through surveys and fieldnotes. Results confirmed the claim made by educational researchers that action research empowered teachers to have a greater stake in curriculum and instructional decisions and provided them with a framework to improve their pedagogical practices

Community Projects and the University Curriculum: Re-searching for a Civil Rights History Through Community Photographs

The following articles represent a collaborative process, as does the project that we will discuss. It is not within the scope of these articles to engage in an in depth examination of community photography. This practice and its relationship to high art, cultural production and representation has been the topic of other very interesting investigations. We will instead focus on a possible relationship between community photography and the higher education curriculum, wherein each project facilitates the other. The first article represents my view of the pedagogical foundations of this relationship as the instructor and a participant in this process. The second article will speak from a student/participant\u27s perspective, about the actual process and results of this particular class project

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World

In our continuously developing 'around the clock' society, there is a need to increase our understanding of how changes in biology, physiology and psychology influence our health and performance. Embedded within this challenge, is the increasing need to account for individual differences in sleep and circadian rhythms, as well as to explore the impact of time of day on performance in the real world. There are a number of ways to measure sleep and circadian rhythms from subjective questionnaire-based methods to objective sleep/wake monitoring, actigraphy and analysis of biological samples. This paper proposes a protocol that combines multiple techniques to categorize individuals into Early, Intermediate or Late circadian phenotype groups (ECPs/ICPs/LCPs) and recommends how to conduct diurnal performance testing in the field. Representative results show large differences in rest-activity patterns derived from actigraphy, circadian phase (dim light melatonin onset and peak time of cortisol awakening response) between circadian phenotypes. In addition, significant differences in diurnal performance rhythms between ECPs and LCPs emphasizes the need to account for circadian phenotype. In summary, despite the difficulties in controlling influencing factors, this protocol allows a real-world assessment of the impact of circadian phenotype on performance. This paper presents a simple method to assess circadian phenotype in the field and supports the need to consider time of day when designing performance studies

Changes in the 24-h plasma cortisol rhythm in patients with cirrhosis

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Airway CD8+CD8^+ T Cells Induced by Pulmonary DNA Immunization Mediate Protective Anti-Viral Immunity

Vaccination strategies for protection against a number of respiratory pathogens must induce T-cell populations in both the pulmonary airways and peripheral lymphoid organs. In this study, we show that pulmonary immunization using plasmid DNA formulated with the polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI-DNA) induced antigen-specific $CD8^+$ T cells in the airways that persisted long after antigen local clearance. The persistence of the cells was not mediated by local lymphocyte proliferation or persistent antigen presentation within the lung or airways. These vaccine-induced $CD8^+$ T cells effectively mediated protective immunity against respiratory challenges with vaccinia virus and influenza virus. Moreover, this protection was not dependent upon the recruitment of T cells from peripheral sites. These findings demonstrate that pulmonary immunization with PEI-DNA is an efficient approach for inducing robust pulmonary $CD8^+$ T-cell populations that are effective at protecting against respiratory pathogens