La génomique, un outil de gestion prometteur pour la gestion des pêches : le cas du homard d’Amérique, Homarus americanus, dans l’Est du Canada

Le homard d’Amérique, Homarus americanus, supporte la pêche commerciale la plus importante dans l’Est du Canada et est donc devenue une espèce prioritaire en terme de gestion et de conservation. Cette thèse vise à acquérir des connaissances importantes sur la reproduction et l’adaptation locale des populations de H. americanus à l’aide d’une approche pluridisplinaire alliant génomique des populations et écologie marine. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherché à définir des unités génétiques et évaluer leur correspondance avec les 41 unités de gestion actuelles. Nos résultats ont révélé la présence de deux entités régionales (nord/sud) composées de 11 populations génétiquement distinctes à plus fine échelle. Nous avons aussi démontré qu’il était possible d’obtenir de fort succès d’assignation à l’échelle régionale, ce qui permet d’envisager un outil de traçabilité. Ensuite, nous avons évalué l’impact des facteurs environnementaux tels que la distribution spatiale, la circulation océanique et la température de surface de la mer sur la distribution des unités génétiques précédemment définies. Nous avons alors démontré que les courants océaniques avaient une plus forte influence sur la divergence neutre des populations que la distribution spatiale. D’autre part, nous avons découvert que la température minimale annuelle avait une influence significative sur la divergence adaptative, et que ce signal persistait même après avoir soustrait l’influence de la distribution spatiale à cette relation. Finalement, nous avons exploré l’influence du sexe ratio et des marqueurs sexuels sur les analyses de structuration génétique d’une espèce marine faiblement structurée, ici le homard d’Amérique. Grâce aux 12 marqueurs sexuels identifiés, nous avons pu révéler le système de détermination sexuelle présent chez cette espèce et caractériser les bases moléculaires de ce déterminisme. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse illustrent le potentiel des outils génomiques dans la mise en place d’une gestion durable du homard d’Amérique dans les eaux canadiennes.The American lobster, Homarus americanus, supports the largest commercial fishery in Eastern Canada and has therefore become a priority species in terms of conservation and management. This thesis aimed to gain important knowledge about the genetic structure and adaptive potential of H. americanus using a multidisciplinary approach, combining population genomics and marine ecology. Our first goal was to identify genetic units and assess their correspondence to the 41 management units presently in use. Our results revealed the presence of two regional entities (north/south), with at a finer scale, 11 genetically distinguishable populations. We also demonstrated that it was possible to identify the origin of individuals blindly, with an average of 90% individuals correctly reassigned to the regional genetic unit where they were sampled. This high assignment success, unexpected for a marine species, could be used as a relevant traceability tool. Next, we assessed the impacts of environmental factors such as spatial distribution, ocean circulation and sea surface temperature on the previously identified genetic structure. We showed that ocean currents had a greater effect on the putatively neutral genetic structure than spatial distribution. On the other hand, annual minimum temperature appeared to explain a significant portion of the putatively adaptive genetic variation, and this signal persisted even after subtracting the influence of the spatial distribution. Finally, we explored the influence of sex ratio and sex-linked markers on the analyses of genetic structure of high gene flow species, here the American lobster. We found 12 sex-linked markers from which we inferred a probable genetic mechanism of sex determination of the American lobster and characterized its molecular basis. Overall, the results of this thesis illustrate the potential of a genomic approach as a new tool for the sustainable management of American lobster in Canadian waters

Science Applications Forum Enhancing fisheries education through the Canadian Fisheries Research Network: a student perspective on interdisciplinarity, collaboration and 4 inclusivity 5 6

Abstract 31 Fisheries sciences and management involve complex problems not easily addressed by a single 32 set of stakeholders or methodologies from one discipline; accordingly, the Canadian Fisheries 33 Research Network (CFRN) was initiated to increase fisheries research capacity in Canada 34 through interdisciplinary and inclusive research collaborations. We compared the value of the 35 CFRN students' learning experience to that offered in traditional fisheries programs at Canadian 36 universities in training post-graduate students to tackle complex fisheries problems. This paper 37 presents 1) a review of the current state of fisheries education across Canada and 2) reflections 38 on our training within the CFRN, and challenges to implementing its innovative approach to 39 fisheries education. We found few dedicated fisheries programs in Canada and concluded that 40 fisheries research typically relies on securing a supervisor with an interest in fisheries. In 41 contrast, the CFRN enhanced our university training through interdisciplinary and inclusive 42 research collaborations, and by exposure to the realities of industry, government and academics 43 collaborating for sustainable fisheries. We propose a new approach to post-graduate level 44 fisheries education, one that combines interdisciplinarity, collaboration, and inclusivity to 45 produce more capable fisheries scientists and managers. Furthermore, we made 46 recommendations on how universities, researchers, and funding agencies can successfully 47 incorporate these themes into fisheries education. 4

Outlier SNPs detect weak regional structure against a background of genetic homogeneity in the Eastern Rock Lobster, Sagmariasus verreauxi

Genetic differentiation is characteristically weak in marine species making assessments of population connectivity and structure difficult. However, the advent of genomic methods has increased genetic resolution, enabling studies to detect weak, but significant population differentiation within marine species. With an increasing number of studies employing high resolution genome-wide techniques, we are realising that the connectivity of marine populations is often complex and quantifying this complexity can provide an understanding of the processes shaping marine species genetic structure and to inform long-term, sustainable management strategies. This study aims to assess the genetic structure, connectivity, and local adaptation of the Eastern Rock Lobster (Sagmariasus verreauxi), which has a maximum pelagic larval duration of 12 months and inhabits both subtropical and temperate environments. We used 645 neutral and 15 outlier SNPs to genotype lobsters collected from the only two known breeding populations and a third episodic population—encompassing S. verreauxi's known range. Through examination of the neutral SNP panel, we detected genetic homogeneity across the three regions, which extended across the Tasman Sea encompassing both Australian and New Zealand populations. We discuss differences in neutral genetic signature of S. verreauxi and a closely related, co-distributed rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, determining a regional pattern of genetic disparity between the species, which have largely similar life histories. Examination of the outlier SNP panel detected weak genetic differentiation between the three regions. Outlier SNPs showed promise in assigning individuals to their sampling origin and may prove useful as a management tool for species exhibiting genetic homogeneity

Data from: RAD genotyping reveals fine-scale genetic structuring and provides powerful population assignment in a widely distributed marine species, the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

Deciphering genetic structure and inferring connectivity in marine species have been challenging due to weak genetic differentiation and limited resolution offered by traditional genotypic methods. The main goal of this study was to assess how a population genomics framework could help delineate the genetic structure of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) throughout much of the species’ range and increase the assignment success of individuals to their location of origin. We genotyped 10 156 filtered SNPs using RAD sequencing to delineate genetic structure and perform population assignment for 586 American lobsters collected in 17 locations distributed across a large portion of the species’ natural distribution range. Our results revealed the existence of a hierarchical genetic structure, first separating lobsters from the northern and southern part of the range (FCT = 0.0011; P-value = 0.0002) and then revealing a total of 11 genetically distinguishable populations (mean FST = 0.00185; CI: 0.0007–0.0021, P-value < 0.0002), providing strong evidence for weak, albeit fine-scale population structuring within each region. A resampling procedure showed that assignment success was highest with a subset of 3000 SNPs having the highest FST. Applying Anderson's (Molecular Ecology Resources, 2010, 10, 701) method to avoid ‘high-grading bias’, 94.2% and 80.8% of individuals were correctly assigned to their region and location of origin, respectively. Lastly, we showed that assignment success was positively associated with sample size. These results demonstrate that using a large number of SNPs improves fine-scale population structure delineation and population assignment success in a context of weak genetic structure. We discuss the implications of these findings for the conservation and management of highly connected marine species, particularly regarding the geographic scale of demographic independence

FST_GEOGRAPHICAL_DISTANCES

Geographic distances and FST values between each pair of sampling locatio

Data from: RAD-genotyping reveals fine-scale genetic structuring and provides powerful population assignment in a widely distributed marine species; the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

Deciphering genetic structure and inferring connectivity in marine species have been challenging due to weak genetic differentiation and limited resolution offered by traditional genotypic methods. The main goal of this study was to assess how a population genomics framework could help delineate the genetic structure of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) throughout much of the species’ range and increase the assignment success of individuals to their location of origin. We genotyped 10 156 filtered SNPs using RAD sequencing to delineate genetic structure and perform population assignment for 586 American lobsters collected in 17 locations distributed across a large portion of the species’ natural distribution range. Our results revealed the existence of a hierarchical genetic structure, first separating lobsters from the northern and southern part of the range (FCT = 0.0011; P-value = 0.0002) and then revealing a total of 11 genetically distinguishable populations (mean FST = 0.00185; CI: 0.0007–0.0021, P-value < 0.0002), providing strong evidence for weak, albeit fine-scale population structuring within each region. A resampling procedure showed that assignment success was highest with a subset of 3000 SNPs having the highest FST. Applying Anderson's (Molecular Ecology Resources, 2010, 10, 701) method to avoid ‘high-grading bias’, 94.2% and 80.8% of individuals were correctly assigned to their region and location of origin, respectively. Lastly, we showed that assignment success was positively associated with sample size. These results demonstrate that using a large number of SNPs improves fine-scale population structure delineation and population assignment success in a context of weak genetic structure. We discuss the implications of these findings for the conservation and management of highly connected marine species, particularly regarding the geographic scale of demographic independence

10156 SNPs identified for Homarus americanus

VCF output of the 10156 SNPs identified for Homarus americanus through a RAD sequencing protocol

Data from: RAD genotyping reveals fine-scale genetic structuring and provides powerful population assignment in a widely distributed marine species, the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

Deciphering genetic structure and inferring connectivity in marine species have been challenging due to weak genetic differentiation and limited resolution offered by traditional genotypic methods. The main goal of this study was to assess how a population genomics framework could help delineate the genetic structure of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) throughout much of the species’ range and increase the assignment success of individuals to their location of origin. We genotyped 10 156 filtered SNPs using RAD sequencing to delineate genetic structure and perform population assignment for 586 American lobsters collected in 17 locations distributed across a large portion of the species’ natural distribution range. Our results revealed the existence of a hierarchical genetic structure, first separating lobsters from the northern and southern part of the range (FCT = 0.0011; P-value = 0.0002) and then revealing a total of 11 genetically distinguishable populations (mean FST = 0.00185; CI: 0.0007–0.0021, P-value < 0.0002), providing strong evidence for weak, albeit fine-scale population structuring within each region. A resampling procedure showed that assignment success was highest with a subset of 3000 SNPs having the highest FST. Applying Anderson's (Molecular Ecology Resources, 2010, 10, 701) method to avoid ‘high-grading bias’, 94.2% and 80.8% of individuals were correctly assigned to their region and location of origin, respectively. Lastly, we showed that assignment success was positively associated with sample size. These results demonstrate that using a large number of SNPs improves fine-scale population structure delineation and population assignment success in a context of weak genetic structure. We discuss the implications of these findings for the conservation and management of highly connected marine species, particularly regarding the geographic scale of demographic independence

Assignment results for sites using THL method (50% of individuals)

Assignment results for sites using THL method (50% of individuals