AN ALTERNATIVE HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT AGENT: THE GERANIUM

The Geranium genus is taxonomically classified within the family Geraniaceae Juss, which includes 5-11 genera and nearly 750 species in total. The best-known genera of this family are Geranium, consisting largely of wild plants, and Pelargonium, consisting largely of ornamental plants. Traditional uses include as an antiseptic in wounds and as an antipyretic by infusion of the plant. Currently, eight different species of geraniums belonging to the family Geraniaceae have been identified in Hidalgo State in Central Mexico, and no chemical or pharmacological studies have been carried out in any of these eight species. All phytochemical studies on these species indicate the presence of polyphenolic compounds, including tannins, which are characterized as water-soluble compounds with molecular weights between 500 and 30,000 g/mol. These and other compounds warrant the exploration of the Germanium genus for uses related to ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity

Polypharmacy and Drug-Drug Interactions in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Region of Madrid, Spain: A Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that involve antiretrovirals (ARVs) tend to cause harm if unrecognized, especially in the context of comorbidity and polypharmacy. METHODS: A linkage was established between the drug dispensing registry of Madrid and the Liverpool human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DDI database (January 2017-June 2017). Polypharmacy was defined as the use of >/=5 non-HIV medications, and DDIs were classified by a traffic-light ranking for severity. RESULTS: A total of 22 945 people living with HIV (PLWH) and 6 613 506 individuals without HIV had received medications. ARV regimens were predominantly based on integrase inhibitors (51.96%). Polypharmacy was higher in PLWH (32.94%) than individuals without HIV (22.16%; P < .001); this difference was consistently observed across all age strata except for individuals >/=75 years. Polypharmacy was more common in women than men in both PLWH and individuals without HIV. The prevalence of contraindicated combinations involving ARVs was 3.18%. Comedications containing corticosteroids, quetiapine, or antithrombotic agents were associated with the highest risk for red-flag DDI, and the use of raltegravir- or dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.72 (95% confidence interval, .60-.88; P = .001) for red-flag DDI. CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy was more frequent among PLWH across all age groups except those aged >/=75 years and was more common in women. The detection of contraindicated medications in PLWH suggests a likely disconnect between hospital and community prescriptions. Switching to alternative unboosted integrase regimens should be considered for patients with risk of harm from DDIs