The question of the passive voice in FLE class in Tunisia seen through a grammar session observation

La grammaire telle qu’elle se présente dans les manuels scolaires de FLE subit une certaine transformation au moment de son enseignement en classe sous l’influence notamment de la méthode adoptée par l’enseignant et des choix terminologiques que celui-ci endosse. À travers l’observationd’une séance de grammaire portant sur la question du passif en classe de FLE en Tunisie, cet article tente de mettre en lumière certaines pratiques enseignantes ainsi que les défaillances dans la culture grammaticale des élèves. L’écart entre la grammaire destinée à être enseignée et celle enseignée effectivement en classe traduit l’importance des pratiques grammaticales, et témoigne du rôle capitalde celles-ci dans le développement de la compétence métalinguistique des apprenants.Grammar as it appears in FLE (French as a foreign language) textbooks will undergo a certain transformation at the time of its teaching in the classroom under the influence in particular of the method adopted by the teacher and the terminological choices that this one endorses. Through the observation of a grammar session about the issue of the passive (voice) in a FLE classroom in Tunisia, this article attempts to highlight some teaching practices as well as failures in the grammatical culture of students. The gap between the grammar intended to be taught and that actually taught in classroom reflects the importance of grammatical practices and proves to their crucial role in the development of the learners’ grammatical competence

Le système de formation des ressources humaines en Tunisie

Quelques données Le dispositif de formation des ressources humaines en Tunisie comprend, depuis l’indépendance en 1956, trois systèmes : éducatif (primaire à l’école, préparatoire au collège et secondaire au lycée), professionnel (du certificat d’aptitude professionnelle au brevet de technicien supérieur) et universitaire (baccalauréat suivi de trois années et plus). Le contexte Le dispositif de formation des ressources humaines a été marqué pendant une cinquantaine d’années, par l’absence de..

Clinical significance of T-bet, GATA-3, and Bcl-6 transcription factor expression in bladder carcinoma

International audienceBackground: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of three immune cell-related transcription factors, T-bet, GATA-3 and Bcl-6 in bladder cancer in Tunisian patients.Methods: Expression of T-bet, GATA-3 and Bcl-6 genes was assessed using RT-qPCR in 65 bladder cancers from patients: 32 being diagnosed as low-and medium-grade, 31 as high-grade, 25 as muscle invasive stage and 39 as non-muscle invasive stage. Gene expression was statistically correlated according to the grade, the stage, tobacco consumption, the BCG response and disease severity.Results: T-bet levels in patients with high-grade bladder cancer were significantly elevated compared to patients with low-or medium-grade bladder cancer (p = 0.005). In invasive carcinoma (T2-T4), the T-bet levels were significantly higher than in superficial non-invasive bladder tumors (Tis, Ta, and T1) (p = 0.02). However, T-bet is predictive of the response to BCG. Its expression is high in good responders to BCG (p = 0.02). In contrast, the expression of GATA-3 and Bcl-6 in non-invasive carcinoma (p = 0.008 and p = 0.0003) and in patients with low-and medium-grade cancers (p = 0.001 and p < 0.0001) is significantly higher than in invasive bladder tumors and in patients with high-grade bladder carcinoma, respectively. In addition, heavy smokers, whose tumors express low levels of GATA-3 and Bcl-6, are poor responders to BCG (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03). Finally, better patient survival correlated with GATA-3 (p = 0.04) and Bcl-6 (p = 0.04) but not T-bet expression.Conclusions: Our results suggest that T-bet expression in bladder tumors could be a positive prognostic indicator of BCG therapy, even if high levels are found in high-grade and stage of the disease. However, GATA-3 and Bcl-6 expression could be considered as predictive factors for good patient survival

Towards an incremental development of UML specifications

RapportSpecifying complex systems is a difficult task which cannot be done in one step. Step-by-step development processes have been studied using formal methods, based on refinement mechanisms. The refinement is a key feature for incrementally developing more and more detailed models, preserving correctness in each step. Our purpose is to instantiate this process when using UML/OCL notations. We illustrate it by some development steps of an access control system. At each step, decisions are formalized in terms of different UML notations, making evolve an initial model which expresses the fundamental properties of the system. We show that these properties are preserved by each development step

Schéma de refactoring de diagrammes de classes basé sur la notion de délégation

National audienceL'activité de refactoring consiste à restructurer un modèle en vue d'améliorer certains facteurs de qualité, tout en préservant la cohérence de ce modèle. Dans cet article, nous proposons un schéma de refactoring de diagrammes de classes basé sur la notion de délégation. L'idée consiste à redistribuer le contenu d'une classe d'un diagramme de classes par déplacement dans une nouvelle classe d'un ensemble d'attributs et de méthodes associées à un concept, au sens type abstrait de données. La vérification de la cohérence est à la fois interne au diagramme de classes et entre les différents diagrammes du modèle en cours de développement. Nous illustrons notre propos sur une étude de cas simplifiée, une application bancaire

Robust Neural Controllers for Power System Based on New Reduced Models

This paper presents an advanced control method for the stabilization of Electric power systems. This method is a decentralized control strategy based on a set of neural controllers. Essentially, the large- scale power system is decomposed into a set of subsys- tems in which each one is constituted by a single ma- chine connected to a variable bus. For each subsystem, a neural controller is designed to respond to a perfor- mance index. The neural controller is a feed-forward multi-layered one. Its training method is accomplished for different rates of desired terminal voltage and is based on the perturbed electrical power system model. For a single machine, the synaptic weights of corre- sponding neural controller are adjusted to force the ma- chine outputs to converge into expected one obtained by the load flow program. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed control method, it has been applied to the WSCC power system under severe operating conditions. The obtained results compared to the ones of conventional controllers proved the high quality of the proposed controller in terms of tran- sient stability and voltage regulation of the considered electrical power system

Olive growing in arid area: further challenges from climate change

In Tunisia, agriculture is vulnerable to climate change with harmful impacts subsequent warming and drying trends. In these regions, olive industry plays a key role at regional and national level. Therefore, the identification of adapted olive tree genotypes has become an urgent need to develop sustainable agriculture in arid lands. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of climatic variation on the olive growing systems in arid and sub-arid areas of Tunisia. The phenological behavior of Chemlali and Zalmati, main olive cultivars wide spreading in central and southern Tunisia, respectively, were considered to evaluate their capacity to adapt to contrasting climatic conditions. Over the 2005-2019 period, olive cultivars presented variable flowering dates related to local climatic conditions. Zalmati cultivar bloom in Zarzis seems to be earlier than Chemlali cultivar in Sfax region with average flowering dates of DOY-92 (April-3) and DOY-106 (April-17), respectively. A tendency for advancing the growing season was observed with warmer winters, which leads to disruption of pollination, high risk of insect attack, and consequently harmful effects on the production and product quality. This investigation serves as a basis for making recommendations taking into account the production areas as well as for addressing projected climate change

2-Phenyl­anilinium dihydrogen phosphate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C12H12N+·H2PO4 −, the dihydrogen phosphate anions and the 2-phenyl­anilinium cations are associated via O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds so as to build inorganic layers around the x = 1/2 plane. The organic entities are anchored between these layers through C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional infinite network. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 44.7 (4)°