Microbiota-Oriented Diagnostics and Therapy in Sepsis: Utopia or Necessity?

When diagnosing sepsis, it is common to look for pathogens, microbe’s DNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or host biomarkers while missing out on microbiota. The next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene allowed characterizing the gut microbiota taxonomy and clarifying the gut microbial population being more complex than was previously thought. We suppose that significant disruption of the microbiota is an indicator of the major role it plays in sepsis. Serious metabolic disorders of the gut microbiota may contribute to an unfavorable outcome in septic patients. With the changes not only in the composition but also in the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota taken into account, the characteristics of the mechanisms of interactions in the “septic” microbiome will allow the advances in the optimization of the diagnostics and therapy of sepsis to be made

Interaction of Host‐Microbial Metabolism in Sepsis

The majority of species of the human gut microbiota is not cultivated on artificial nutrient media, but they are included in the functioning of microbial metabolic conveyor. Between the numerous gut bacteria (transmitter) and billions of intracellular mitochondria (receiver), the function of signaling molecules performs aromatic metabolites. Sepsis destroys the coordinated work of the indigenous anaerobic microflora. This leads to the imbalance of aromatic microbial metabolites (AMM). We hypothesized and proved diagnostic and pathogenic significance of this. First, deficiency of the end products of microbial metabolism—lipophilic AMM (PhPA and derivatives‐cinnamic and benzoic acids) in sepsis, and second, excessive accumulation in blood of intermediate products named, “sepsis‐associated” AMM—both lead to the development of mitochondrial dysfunction. Particularly, the total suppressed production of mROS can manifest by “hibernate‐like state” of cells and lead to MOF. The participation of aromatic metabolites in the development of septic shock can be explained by the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase and impaired synthesis of catecholamines. In clinical research, the high levels of “sepsis‐associated” AMM (p‐HPhAA, p‐HPhLA, and PhLA) correlate with the severity according to APACHE II, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessments (SOFA) score and mortality. To improve the survival of ICU patients, requires more attention to the role of imbalance of microbial metabolites in sepsis

Organization of independent work of students with the use of distance educational technologies

The article deals with the use of information and communication technologies, and in particular of distance educational technologies for organization of independent work of students with the aim of improving its efficiency. Shows the different types of independent work, implemented through an e-learning course organized in a distance learning system LMS Moodle.В статье рассматриваются вопросы использования информационно- коммуникационных технологий, а в частности дистанционных образовательных технологий для организации самостоятельной работы студентов с целью повышения ее эффективности. Показаны различные виды самостоятельной работы, реализуемые с помощью электронного учебного курса, организованного в системе дистанционного обучения LMS Moodle

Проблема выбора модели реализации дистанционных образовательных технологий в ВУЗе

The report examines the problem of the choice of model for the implementation of distance educational technologies (DET) at the University. Opens the terminology of distance education, carries out a comparative analysis of the most promising models for implementing the dot at the University.В докладе рассматривается проблема выбора модели реализации дистанционных образовательных технологий (ДОТ) в вузе. Раскрывается терминология дистанционного обучения, проводится сравнительный анализ наиболее перспективных моделей реализации ДОТ в вузе

Метаболизм микробиоты при критических состояниях (обзор и постулаты)

This article discusses the importance of eliciting the mechanisms of action and the metabolism of microbiota in the critically ill patients, as well as the role of nutrition specialist in the management of these patients.In critically ill patients the impaired regulation of endogenous metabolic processes and protein-energy deficiency are aggravated by abnormal microbiota metabolic processes. There is growing awareness of the importance of studying microbial metabolism in the general metabolic process. Its implications for the improved efficacy of treatment in critical care and rehabilitation are obvious.Current international intensive care guidelines are being constantly revised in response to the new research data available on the mechanisms of critical illness. The course of the latter may significantly associate with the metabolic activity of human microbiota. Active management of metabolic processes is being sought through the subordination of bacterial metabolism to the interests of the host. Both antimicrobial and bioformulations (prebiotics, metabiotics) will be used in the long term in a targeted manner with the control of key microbial metabolites through available laboratory monitoring tools.Based on the literature data and the original research, the author formulates postulates of the microbiota metabolism in critical illness, introduces the concepts of «invisible organ dysfunction» and «signaling bacterial molecules», offers answers to the eternal «what is to be done?» question and suggests using a number of microbial aromatic amino acids metabolites as an integral indicator of a course of critical illness.В данном обзоре обсуждается вопрос, почему нужно изучать механизмы действия и учитывать метаболизм микробиоты в организме тяжелобольного пациента, и каким образом специалисты в области клинического питания могут принять в этом самое активное участиеПри критических состояниях дисрегуляция эндогенных обменных процессов и белково-энергетический дефицит усугубляются изменением направленности метаболических процессов микробиоты. Растет понимание важности изучения микробного метаболизма в общем метаболическом процессе. Перспективность развития этого направления для повышения эффективности лечения в реаниматологии и успешной реабилитации пациентов очевидна.Существующие международные рекомендации по интенсивной терапии со временем могут быть пересмотрены в связи с появлением новых научных данных о механизмах критических состояний, связанных с метаболической активностью микробиоты человека. Идет поиск способов активного управления метаболическими процессами через подчинение метаболизма бактерий интересам хозяина. И антимикробные, и биопрепараты (пребиотики, метабиотики) в перспективе будут применяться целенаправленно, под контролем ключевых микробных метаболитов, с использованием доступных методов лабораторного мониторинга.На основе данных литературы и результатов собственных исследований автор формулирует постулаты о метаболизме микробиоты при критических состояниях, вводит понятия «дисфункции невидимого органа» и «сигнальных молекул бактерий», отвечает на вопрос «что делать?» и в качестве интегрального показателя предлагает использовать ряд микробных метаболитов ароматических аминокислот

Love or politics? Political views regarding the war in Ukraine in an online dating experiment

How polarized is Russian society regarding the war in Ukraine? Political views affect various behaviors, including relationship formation. This study conducts a field experiment on a large Russian dating site and gathers data from over 3,000 profile evaluations. The findings reveal significant penalties for those who express pro-war or anti-war positions on their dating profiles. Age emerges as the most polarizing factor: younger individuals are less likely to approach pro-war profiles but not anti-war ones, whereas older individuals are less likely to respond positively to profiles indicating anti-war views but not pro-war ones. The results align with survey evidence of a positive relationship between respondents' age and expressed support for the war in Russia, although the experiment indicates a higher degree of polarization. Overall, the experimental findings demonstrate that survey data can reveal trends and relationships between individuals' characteristics and their opinions, but may overstate the levels of support for government agendas in non-democratic states

Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology

In the twenty-first century, metabolomics allowed evaluating the profile of metabolites of various classes of compounds in the human body. The most important achievement of the metabolic approach is to obtain evidence of the intersection of human biochemical pathways and its microbiota. The effect of certain microbial metabolites on the work of key enzymes involved in the biotransformation of amino acids and other substances becomes more important in patients at risk of developing neurological and mental disorders and also contributes to the development of life-threatening conditions up to multiple organ failure after operations, injuries, and serious diseases. The authors of this chapter call the microbiota an “invisible organ,” emphasizing its functional significance, and not just taxonomy, as previously thought. This chapter will discuss the mutually beneficial integration of the metabolome/microbiome in the body of healthy people and will focus on the effects of microbiota dysfunction